Kuwait von Geoffrey E. French | Urban and Medical Ecology. A Geomedical Study | ISBN 9783642651748

Kuwait

Urban and Medical Ecology. A Geomedical Study

von Geoffrey E. French und Alan G. Hill
Mitwirkende
Autor / AutorinGeoffrey E. French
Autor / AutorinAlan G. Hill
Buchcover Kuwait | Geoffrey E. French | EAN 9783642651748 | ISBN 3-642-65174-7 | ISBN 978-3-642-65174-8

Kuwait

Urban and Medical Ecology. A Geomedical Study

von Geoffrey E. French und Alan G. Hill
Mitwirkende
Autor / AutorinGeoffrey E. French
Autor / AutorinAlan G. Hill

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  • The relation of Kuwait’s development to Europe and Far East.
  • Discovery of oil reserves outside the Middle East.
  • Arab nationalism.
  • Great Britain’s responsibility.
  • Inapplicability of laws and generalizations of developed world.
  • General lessons of value to others.
  • Kuwait a testing ground.
  • 1. Urbanization and Population Growth in the Middle East.
  • 1. Definitions.
  • General statements on nature and causes of urbanization.
  • Historical connections.
  • Development of civilisations.
  • Technical innovations.
  • Sources of labour.
  • Population increase, food supplies, general educational advances.
  • 2. Middle East Urbanization: Extent and Special Characteristics.
  • United Nations’s statistics.
  • 3. Levels of Urbanization in the Middle East.
  • 4. Elements Peculiar to the Urbanization of the Middle East.
  • Social and political urbanization.
  • Defence role.
  • Religion.
  • Oil.
  • Investment capital.
  • Israel.
  • Foreign aid.
  • 5. Conclusion.
  • II. The Urbanization of Kuwait. Prosperity alternating with hardship.
  • 1. The Environment. Physical geography.
  • a) Summer.
  • b) Winter.
  • c) Daily weather.
  • 2. Water Resources.
  • a) Occurrence.
  • b) Development.
  • 3. Power.
  • 4. Agriculture.
  • a) Farmers.
  • b) Nomads.
  • 5. Fishing.
  • a) Pearling.
  • b) Fishing.
  • 6. Mineral Resources Industries.
  • Industries.
  • Distribution of labour force.
  • Restriction of economic opportunity.
  • III. The Early History of Kuwait.
  • IV. The Economic Development of Kuwait.
  • V. Population Growth in Kuwait. Twelve hundred per cent increase in 60 years.
  • 1. Introduction.
  • Preponderance of non-Kuwaitis.
  • Nationality law.
  • Duality of national life.
  • 2. Population Expansion by Immigration.
  • a) War-time immigration.
  • b) Post-war immigration.
  • c) Factors involved in immigration.
  • d) The Alien population 1957–1965.
  • aa) Sex ratios.
  • bb) Agestructure.
  • e) Permanency of migration to Kuwait.
  • f) Arrivals after 1965.
  • 3. Population Expansion by Natural Increase. Introduction.
  • a) Vital statistics in Kuwait.
  • b) Natality, mortality and the population cycle.
  • c) Health facilities in Kuwait.
  • aa) Growth.
  • bb) Effect.
  • d) Age structure of the Kuwait population.
  • aa) The Kuwaitis.
  • bb) The Non-Kuwaitis.
  • e) Natality and fertility.
  • aa) Kuwaitis.
  • bb) Non-Kuwaitis.
  • f) Mortality.
  • bb) Non — Kuwaitis.
  • 4. Conclusions - Natural Increase.
  • a) Kuwaitis.
  • b) Non-Kuwaitis.
  • VI. The Ecology of Daily Life.
  • A. The Rural Community.
  • Agriculture.
  • Water resources.
  • Pastoral nomadism.
  • Cultural legacy of the Badu.
  • Religion, fasts and feasts.
  • Emphasis on kinship.
  • Hospitality, manners and modes.
  • B. The Urban Community.
  • Post-War Expansion of the Built up Area.
  • 1. Kuwait City Before Oil Discoveries.
  • a) Extent.
  • b) Internal characteristics and differentiation.
  • 2. Kuwait City after the Discovery of Oil.
  • Rising revenues and immigration.
  • 3. The Government Land Purchase Scheme.
  • 4. Planning and Urban Expansion.
  • a) The 1952 plan.
  • b) Physical expansion of the city structure.
  • c) Subsequent plans.
  • 5. The Contemporary City.
  • a) The Old City.
  • b) The Kuwait neighbourhoods.
  • c) Hawalli and Salimiya.
  • d) Abruq Khaitan and Farwaniya.
  • e) Ahmadi and Fahahil.
  • C. Population Distribution and Density within the Urban Areas.
  • 1. Changing Patterns of Population Distribution.
  • a) Before the first census.
  • b) Effects of oil discoveries.
  • c) Population distribution in 1957.
  • d) Population distribution in 1965.
  • D. Population Composition and Social Areas within Kuwait.
  • 1. “Western” and “non-Western” Cities.
  • 2. Land Use and Urban Ecology.
  • a) Methods.
  • b) Selection of variables.
  • 3. The Distribution of IndividualVariables.
  • a) Kuwaitis and non-Kuwaitis.
  • b) Illiterates.
  • c) Employees in construction.
  • d) Professional and temnical workers.
  • e) Administrative workers.
  • 4. The Analysis of Groups of Variables.
  • a) Method.
  • b) Variables.
  • 5. The Factors: Their Composition and Distribution.
  • a) Factor composition.
  • b) The distribution of factors throughout Kuwait.
  • 6. The Geographic Distribution of Individual Factors.
  • 7. Combinations of all 3 Factors.
  • a) Group 1.
  • b) Group 2.
  • c) Group 3.
  • d) Group 4.
  • 8. Factor Analysis and the Structure of Kuwait City.
  • 9. Social Areas in Kuwait City.
  • a) The Old City and other areas of immigrant invasion.
  • b) Areas under construction with low-status immigrants.
  • c) Strongly Kuwaiti areas.
  • 10. International Parallels.
  • 11. Conclusion.
  • VII. Health and Disease.
  • a) Pseudo-urbanization.
  • b) The health of the Badu.
  • c) Effects of urbanization.
  • d) Integration of planning for social and environmental manges.
  • e) The importance of integrating disciplines beyond fringe of medicine.
  • f) Adaptation of the individual to meet the new stresses.
  • g) Alterations in disease patterns.
  • h) Definition of Medical Geography.
  • 2. Specific Problems of Kuwait.
  • a) Training for responsibility.
  • b) Infectious disease.
  • c) Infant gastro-enteritis.
  • d) Kuwait as an epidemiological listening post.
  • e) Genetic disease.
  • f) Environmental influences.
  • g) Blindness.
  • VIII. Preventive Medicine in Kuwait.
  • 1. Preventive Medical Service.
  • a) Establishment: urban planning: water supplies; killing of animals.
  • b) Structure of Ministry of Public Health.
  • c) Growth of services.
  • d) Communications.
  • e) Health education.
  • f) Inspection of buildings and regulations.
  • g) Private industrially financed medical services of the oil companies.
  • 2. Infectious Diseases.
  • a)Comparison with other geographic areas.
  • b) Leprosy.
  • c) Hepatitis.
  • d) Rabies.
  • e) Malaria.
  • f) Poliomyelitis.
  • g) Bacillary Dysentery.
  • h) Amoebic Dysentery.
  • i) Worms.
  • j) Schistosomiasis.
  • 3. School Medical Services.
  • a) School population.
  • b) Development of service.
  • c) Epidemiology.
  • d) Nutrition.
  • IX. Treatment Services.
  • 1. Traditional Medicine.
  • a) Badu practices.
  • b) Branding.
  • c) The history of Arabian medicine.
  • d) The Nestorians and Persians.
  • 2. Modern Treatment Services.
  • a) European influence in the Gulf.
  • b) The Political Agency and the American Mission.
  • c) The Government and oil companies.
  • d) Professional medical associations.
  • e) Medical facilities and services.
  • f) Laboratory services.
  • g) Tuberculosis diagnostic laboratory.
  • h) Blood transfusion services.
  • i) Relative paucity of published clinical eports until 1968.
  • X. Trauma, Temperance, Tuberculosis and Toxoplasmosis.
  • 1. Trauma.
  • a) War and wounds.
  • The last battle of Jahra 1920.
  • Dr. Mylrea’s account.
  • b) Deaths and accidents on the roads.
  • c) Statistics.
  • Industrial and domestic accidents.
  • 2. Temperance.
  • Religious law and alcohol.
  • Different countries’ experience.
  • Prohibition in Kuwait.
  • The position for non-Moslems.
  • Illegal distilling.
  • Smuggling.
  • Effects of alcohol intoxication.
  • 3. Tuberculosis.
  • Experience of the Badu.
  • Infection in older people.
  • Population sampling.
  • Treatment facilities.
  • Visit of WHO in 1961.
  • B. C. G. vaccination.
  • Conversion rates.
  • Non -pulmonary tuberculosis.
  • 4. Toxoplasmosis.
  • Epidemiology elsewhere.
  • The study in Kuwait.
  • Clinical findings.
  • Significance of endemicity in local sheep and goats.
  • XI. Psychiatric Illness.
  • The pattern in Kuwait.
  • Traditional practices.
  • Hospital facilities.
  • Incidence of disease.
  • Use of drugs.
  • Sexual deviation andhomosexuality.
  • Emancipation of women and psychoneurotic effects.
  • The effects of industrialisation.
  • XII. The Haemoglobinopathies.
  • 1. First Recognition in Kuwait.
  • World distribution.
  • Source of Kuwait’s population; migrations.
  • 2. Sickle-Cell Anaemia.
  • 3. Thalassaemia: definition.
  • Clinical and laboratory studies: treatment.
  • 4. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency of the Red Blood Cells.
  • XIII. Heat Illness and Desert Survival.
  • Comparative physiology in man and animals.
  • The Badu: conservation of energy, comfort and discipline.
  • Heat gain and loss.
  • Investigations in Kuwait, and elsewhere on the Badu.
  • Types of heat illness.
  • Heat-illness among oil tanker crews.
  • Heat-stroke in Kuwait.
  • Steps taken to combat effects of heat stroke.
  • Factors affecting heat control.
  • XIV. Occupational Health.
  • 1. Epidemiology.
  • Development of government and oil company services.
  • Establishment of standards.
  • Liaison with I. L. O. and other countries.
  • Education of doctors and other health workers.
  • 2. Petroleum and its Hazards to Health in Kuwait.
  • The history of petroleum and its development.
  • Use and destination of Kuwait products.
  • Use of natural gas.
  • Medical uses of petroleum.
  • Hazards of petroleum manufacturing to workers and public; explosive and toxic.
  • Additive effects of sun and petroleum on skin.
  • Possible long-term carcinogenic effects on various body organs.
  • 3. Secondary Industries.
  • Development and pattern.
  • Asbestos.
  • Training for industry.
  • Health education.
  • XV. Air Pollution.
  • The desert air, sand, dusts, spores and fungi.
  • Cigarette.
  • Urban planning.
  • Industrial air pollution.
  • Petroleum products, combustion.
  • Legislation.
  • WHO advice.
  • Investigations of pollen production, Prosopis spicigera.
  • Air-conditioning of houses.
  • Atmospheric ionisation.
  • XVI. Conclusion.
  • Comparision of urbanization today with nineteenth century Europe.
  • Kuwait’s anomalous development in Eastern Arabia.
  • The intrusion of “foreigners” and internal schisms.
  • Disease as a measure of the problem.
  • The danger of dualism.
  • The lessons of enlightened colonialism.
  • Kuwait’s limited man-power pool.
  • Diversification of trade and industry.
  • Oil as a political weapon.
  • Need for an understanding of ecology by Kuwait’s children.
  • The problems of citizenship.
  • The importance of a “cross-cultural” outlook.
  • Kuwait as a study of enlightened development.
  • References.
  • Illustrations.