Ciliary and Flagellar Membranes

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1. Introduction to Cilia and Flagella.
• 1. Introduction.
• 2. Occurrence and Function.
• 3. Structure.
• 3.1. The Axoneme.
• 3.2. The Transition Zone.
• 3.3. The Basal Body and Associated Structures.
• 3.4. Accessory Structures of the Flagellar Shaft.
• 4. Production of Movement.
• 4.1. The Sliding Microtubule Model.
• 4.2. Active Sliding Is Produced by Dynein Arms Acting on Adjacent Outer Doublet Microtubules.
• 4.3. The Mechanism of Force Generation.
• 4.4. Internal Resistances Convert Sliding into Bending.
• 4.5. Coordination of Interdoublet Sliding.
• 4.6. Central Pair Rotation.
• 5. Regulation of Movement.
• 5.1. Initiation of Motility.
• 5.2. Behavioral Responses.
• 5.3. Hyperactivation of Sperm.
• 6. Sensory Reception.
• 7. Origin.
• References.
• 2. Linkages between Microtubules and Membranes in Cilia and Flagella.
• 2. Linkage of Basal Bodies and Transition Regions to the Membrane.
• 2.1. Structural Studies.
• 2.2. Functions of the Bridges.
• 3. Microtubule Capping Structures Attach the Ends of Microtubules to the Membrane.
• 3.1. Capping Structures and Motility.
• 3.2. Capping Structures and Microtubule Assembly.
• 3.3. Caps Are Bound to Assembling and Disassembling Microtubules.
• 3.4. Can Capping Structures Regulate Tubulin Addition to Microtubules?.
• 3.5. Are Microtubule Caps Found in the Cytoplasm?.
• 4. Bridges Linking the Sides of Outer Doublet Microtubules to the Membrane.
• 4.1. Bridges Linking Microtubules to Extraciliary Structures.
• 4.2. Sites of Attachment of the Bridges.
• 4.3. Attachment to the Doublet Microtubules.
• 4.4. Sites of Membrane Attachment.
• 4.5. Nonciliary Microtubule-Membrane Bridges.
• 4.6. Functions of the Bridges.
• 5. Summary.
• 3. Euglena gracilis: A Model for Flagellar Surface Assembly, with Reference to Other Cells That Bear Flagellar Mastigonemes and Scales.
• 2. The Relationship of Euglenoids to Other Organisms.
• 3. Flagellar Anatomy.
• 3.1. Mastigonemes and the Flagellar Sheath.
• 3.2. The Paraxial Rod.
• 3.3. The Flagellar Membrane.
• 4. Assembly of the Flagellar Surface.
• 4.1. Origin of Flagellar Scales, Mastigonemes, and Membranes.
• 4.2. Composition of Scales and Mastigonemes.
• 4.3. Release of Mastigonemes and Flagellar Scales at the Cell Surface.
• 4.4. Organizing the Flagellar Surface.
• 5. The Control of Flagellar Surface Assembly in Euglena.
• 6. Summary and Prospectus.
• 4. Gliding Motility and Flagellar Glycoprotein Dynamics in Chlamydomonas.
• 2. Gliding Motility.
• 2.1. Gliding Motility-An Overview.
• 2.2. Gliding Motility in Chlamydomonas.
• 3. Polystyrene Microsphere Movements.
• 4. Flagellar Surface Motility.
• 5. Mating-Associated Dynamic Flagellar Surface Events.
• 6. Characterization of the Major Flagellar Glycoproteins in C. reinhardtii.
• 7. Dynamics of Flagellar Membrane Glycoproteins.
• 8. Flagellar Signaling in Chlamydomonas.
• 8.1. Signaling Related to Gametic Interactions.
• 8.2. Signaling Related to Glycoprotein Redistribution in Vegetative Flagella.
• 9. Use of Carbohydrate Probes in Conjunction with FACS to Isolate Mutant Cell Lines with Carbohydrate Defects.
• 10. Use of the L-23 Mutant Cell Line to Demonstrate That Flagellar Membrane Glycoprotein Movements Are Essential for Gliding Motility.
• 11. Mechanisms and Motors.
• 11.1. Candidates for the Motor Responsible for Flagellar Membrane Protein Redistribution and Gliding Motility.
• 11.2. A Proposed Mechanism for Gliding Motility.
• 12. Conclusions.
• 5. The Role of Flagella in the Sexual Reproduction of Chlamydomonas Gametes.
• 2. The Agglutination Process.
• 3. The Agglutinins.
• 4. Mode of Action of the Agglutinins.
• 5. Longitudinal Redistribution of Agglutinins.
• 6. The Signaling Action of Sexual Agglutination.
• 7. Modulation of Sexual Agglutinability.
• 8. Conclusions.
• 6. The Role of Ciliary Surfaces in Mating in Paramecium.
• 2. The Events Occurring during Conjugation in Paramecium.
• 3. Role of Ciliary Surfaces in the Mating Reaction.
• 3.1. Mating Substances in the Ciliary Membrane.
• 3.2. Localization of Mating-Reactive Cilia.
• 3.3. Attempts to Isolate Pure Mating-Reactive Cilia.
• 3.4. Nature of the Ciliary Interactions.
• 3.5. Hydrophobic Interactions between Cilia and Polystyrene Surfaces.
• 4. Regulation of the Expression of Mating Reactivity.
• 4.1. Genetic Control of the Mating Type Specificity.
• 4.2. Temporal Differentiation of Mating-Reactive Cilia.
• 5. Results of Ciliary Interactions.
• 5.1. Decrease in Swimming Velocity.
• 5.2. Early Micronuclear Migration.
• 5.3. Local Degeneration of Cilia and Pair Formation.
• 6. Biochemical and Morphological Approaches to Characterizing the Mating Substances.
• 7. General Discussion and Conclusions.
• 7. Calcium Ions and the Regulation of Motility in Paramecium.
• 2. Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels.
• 2.1. Voltage-Clamp Analysis of Calcium Currents.
• 2.2. Calcium Channel Mutants.
• 2.3. Location of Calcium Channels.
• 2.4. Calcium Channel Activity in Isolated Ciliary Membranes.
• 2.5. Curing of pawns and CNRs.
• 2.6. Characterization of Ciliary Membrane Proteins.
• 3. Enzymatic Activity Associated with the Ciliary Membrane.
• 3.1. Calmodulin and Calmodulin-Binding Proteins.
• 3.2. Ca-ATPases.
• 3.3. Adenylate Cyclase.
• 3.4. Guanylate Cyclase.
• 3.5. Protein Kinases.
• 4. Regulation of Cell Motility: Calcium Sensitivity.
• 4.1. Ciliary Responses to Hyperpolarization.
• 4.2. Ciliary Responses to Depolarization.
• 5. Perspectives.
• 8. Structure, Turnover, and Assembly of Ciliary Membranes in Tetrahymena.
• 2. Lipid Composition.
• 3. Protein Components.
• 4. Ultrastructure.
• 5. Turnover.
• 6. Modulation.
• 7. Assembly.
• 8. Concluding Remarks.
• 9. Ciliary Membrane Tubulin.
• 2. Ciliary versus Flagellar Membranes.
• 3. Protozoan Cilia and Flagella.
• 4. Definitions and Origin.
• 5. Metabolic Relationship between Membrane and Axonemal Tubulin.
• 6. Reconstitution of Ciliary Membranes.
• 7. Micellarization with Detergents and Interaction with Lipids.
• 8. Tubulin as an Integral Membrane Structural Element.
• 9. Summary and Discussion.
• 10. Lipids of Ciliary and Flagellar Membranes.
• 1. Preparations of Cilia and Flagella and Their Membranes.
• 2.1. Sterols.
• 2.2. Fatty Acid Composition.
• 2.3. Glycerolipids.
• 2.4. Sphingophospholipids and Sphingophosphonolipids.
• 2.5. Chlorosulfolipids.
• 2.6. Lipoconjugates.
• 3. Enzymes and Lipid Metabolism.
• 4. Alterations in Lipid Composition.
• 4.1. Culture Age.
• 4.2. Dietary Supplementation.
• 4.3. Drugs and Inhibitor Compounds.
• 4.4. Temperature Shifts.
• 4.5. Mutations.
• 5. Conclusions.
• 11. Flagellar Surfaces of Parasitic Protozoa and Their Role in Attachment.
• 1. Developmental Cycles of Kinetoplastid Protozoa.
• 2. Flagellar Surfaces and Their Relation to Other Surface Domains.
• 2.1. Flagellar Structure and Function in Kinetoplastids.
• 2.2. Functional Aspects of the Parasite Surface: Similarity of Flagellar and Body Membranes.
• 2.3. Compositional Differences between Flagellar and Body Membranes.
• 2.4. Flagellar Fractions and Flagellum-Specific Antigens.
• 3. Flagellar Attachment to the Body or to Other Flagellates.
• 3.1. Attachment to the Body.
• 3.2. Attachment to Other Flagella.
• 3.3. Attachment to Cysts.
• 4. Flagellar Attachment to Host Surfaces.
• 4.1. Attachment to Chitin and Other Nonliving Surfaces.
• 4.2. Attachment to Living Host Cells.
• 5. Role of Host Attachment in Parasite Development and Transmission.
• 5.1. Specificity of Attachment.
• 5.2. Parasite Reproduction and Differentiation.
• Summary.
• 12. The Sperm Plasma Membrane: A Little More Than Mosaic, a Little Less Than Fluid.
• 1.1. Why Should the Mammalian Sperm Plasma Membrane Be Given Special Consideration?.
• 1.2. Regionalization of the Sperm Plasma Membrane.
• 1.3. Membrane Modification in the Absence of Macromolecular Biosynthesis.
• 2. Evolving a Model for Membrane Organization and Dynamics.
• 2.1. Lipid Diffusion in Biological Membranes.
• 2.2. Protein Diffusion in Biological Membranes.
• 3. Diffusion on Mammalian Spermatozoa.
• 3.1. Constraints on Sperm Geometry.
• 3.2. Lipid Diffusion on Mammalian Spermatozoa.
• 3.3. Changes in Sperm Plasma Membrane Lipid Diffusibility during Spermatogenesis, Maturation, and Capacitation.
• 3.4. Causes of Nondiffusing Lipid and the Question of Lipid Domains.
• 3.5. Protein Diffusion on Mammalian Sperm.
• 4. Mechanisms of Membrane Regionalization.
• 4.1. Regionalization by Immobilization.
• 4.2. Regionalization by Diffusional Barriers.
• 4.3. Regionalization Due to Selective Solubility.
• 5. How Does the Sperm Become Regionalized?.
• 6. Mechanisms of Redistribution.
• 7. Summary.
• 13. Structure and Assembly of the Oviduct Ciliary Membrane.
• 2. Organization of the Ciliary Membrane.
• 2.1. Ultrastructural Data.
• 2.2. Cytochemical Data.
• 2.3. Ciliary Membrane-Cytoskeleton Relationships.
• 3. Assembly of the Ciliary Membrane.
• 3.1. Cytoplasmic Events.
• 3.2. Plasma Membrane Events.
• 4. Deciliation.
• 5. Functions of Ciliary Membrane in Oviduct.
• 14. The Surface of Mammalian Respiratory Cilia: Interactions between Cilia and Respiratory Pathogens.
• 2. The Structure and Cytochemistry of the Surface of Respiratory Cilia.
• 2.1. Structure.
• 2.2. Chemistry.
• 3. Interactions between Pathogens and Respiratory Cilia.
• 3.1. General Mechanisms of Adherence.
• 3.2. Adherence of Specific Pathogens to Respiratory Cilia.
• 4. Toxicity of Microbial Products for Cilia.
• 5. Summary: Implications of Ciliary Surface Composition to the Therapy of Infections of Cilia.
• 15. The Photoreceptor Connecting Cilium: A Model for the Transition Zone.
• 2. Structure of Photoreceptor Cilia.
• 3. Microtubule-Membrane Cross-Linkers of the Connecting Cilium.
• 3.1. The Ciliary Surface and Its Transmembrane Assemblage.
• 3.2. Identification of Surface Components of the Assemblage.
• 3.3. The Periciliary Ridge Complex.
• 4. Functions of the Photoreceptor Connecting Cilium.
• 4.1. Delivery of Membrane Components.
• 4.2. The Connecting Cilium in Disk Morphogenesis.
• 4.3. The Connecting Cilium as a Barrier between Membrane Domains.
• 4.4. Delivery of Cytosolic Components to the Outer Segment.