The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1. The Producer’s Apology to the Spectators.
• Notation.
• Symbols Frequently Used.
• 2. The Common Inheritance.
• 2A The Thermal Equation of State.
• 2B The Theory of Sound in Aeriform Fluids.
• 2C The Doctrine of Latent and Specific Heats.
• 3. Prologue: Laplace, Biot, and Poisson.
• 3A Biot, and Poisson’s First Attempt.
• 3B Critique of Biot’s Theory.
• 3C Laplace’s Theory of Sound and Heat.
• 3D Poisson’s Second Treatment.
• 3E Meikle’s Claim.
• 3F Critique of Laplace’s and Poisson’s Theories. Correction of Meikle’s Claim.
• 4. Act I. Workless Dissipation: Fourier.
• 4A Fourier’s Predecessor: Biot.
• 4B Fourier’s Program.
• 4C Fourier’s Premisses Regarding Specific Heat and Temperature.
• 4D Critique of Fourier’s Premisses.
• 4E Fourier’s Concept of the Flux of Heat, and his General Differential Equation and Boundary Condition.
• 4F Critique of Fourier’s Concepts and Methods.
• 4G Fourier’s Theory of the Conduction of Heat in Fluids.
• 4H Critique of Fourier’s Theory of the Conduction of Heat in Fluids.
• 4I Fourier’s Bequest.
• 5. Act II. Dissipationless Work: Carnot.
• 5A The General Quality of Carnot’s Treatise.
• 5B Standard Concepts and Assumptions Used by Carnot.
• 5C The Carnot Cycle.
• 5D Carnot’s Claim that Carnot Cycles Attain Maximum Efficiency.
• 5E Formal Statement and Critique of Carnot’s Claim of Maximum Efficiency.
• 5F Carnot’s Claim that the Efficiency of Carnot Cycles is Universal.
• 5G Formal Statement and Elucidation of Carnot’s Claim of Universal Efficiency.
• 5H Critique of Carnot’s Argument to Support Universal Efficiency.
• 5I Carnot’s General and Special Axioms.
• 5J Critique of Carnot’s General and Special Axioms. Scholia I-III. “Carnot’s function”.
• 5K Carnot’s Treatment of his Cycle.
• 5L Critique of Carnot’s Treatment of his Cycle. Scholion IV.
• 5M Critique: Interconvertibility of Heat and Work as Implied by Carnot’s Theory. Proof that Carnot’s Cycles are Indeed the Most Efficient.
• 5N Critique: Dimensional Invariance of Carnot’s Theory.
• 5O Carnot’s Numerical Evaluation of the Motive Power of Heat.
• 5P Critique of Carnot’s Numerical Evaluation of the Motive Power of Heat.
• 5Q Carnot’s Theory of Specific Heats.
• 5R Critique of Carnot’s Theory of Specific Heats.
• 5S Carnot’s Attempts to Determine his Function F.
• 5T Critique: Carnot’s Dilemma.
• 5U Carnot’s Bequest.
• 6. Distracting Interlude: Clapeyron and Duhamel.
• 6A Confusion by Awkward Variables: Clapeyron.
• 6B Confusion by Linearizing Everything: Duhamel.
• 7. Act III. Equivalence, Conservation, Interconvertibility: When and of What?.
• 7A Critique: What Did Janus See in 1842?.
• 7B Mayer’s Assertion.
• 7C Preliminary Critique of Mayer’s Assertion.
• 7D Holtzmann’s Assertion.
• 7E Preliminary Critique of Holtzmann’s Assertion.
• 7F Helmholtz’s Weakest Work.
• 7G Joule’s Summary of his Early Experiments.
• 7H The Bittersweet Indian Summer of the Caloric Theory: Kelvin’s First Paper.
• 7I General Critique: Interconvertibility in 1849.
• 8. Act IV. Internal Energy: The First Paper of Clausius. Entropy: The First Paper of Rankine.
• 8A Clausius’ Physical Concepts and Assumptions.
• 8B Logical Content of Clausius’ First Paper.
• 8C Critique: The Achievement of Clausius’ First Paper.
• 8D Critique of Clausius’ Reasoning.
• 8E Clausius’ Comparisons with Experimental Data.
• 8F Critique: Clausius’ Bequest.
• 8G Rankine’s First Paper.
• 8H Critique of Rankine’s First Paper.
• 9. Distracting Interlude: Explosion of Print.
• 9A Rankine’s Second Paper.
• 9B A Late Re-entrance, Stumbling: Kelvin’s Second Paper.
• 9C A Voice Crying in the Wilderness: Reech’s Return to First Principles.
• 9D Kelvin’s Analysis of the Joule-Thomson Effect and Subsidiary Details.
• Appendix by C.
• S. Man: The Joule-Thomson Experiment.
• 9E Rankine’s Further Effusions.
• 9F Kelvin’s Analysis of the “Anomalous” Behavior of Water.
• 9G General Critique: The Disastrous Effects of Experiment upon the Development of Thermodynamics, 1812–1853.
• 10. Schismatic Act V. Antiplot in a Dark and Empty Theatre: Reech’s Discovery of a Too General Theory, and his Failure to Reduce It.
• 10A Reech Discovers the Pro-entropy.
• 10B Reech Generalizes the Internal Energy.
• 10C Reech Introduces and Analyses the Thermodynamic Potentials.
• 10D Reech’s General Theory of Specific Heats.
• 10E Critique: the Fatal Failure of Reech’s Analysis.
• Appendix: The Later Work of Reech.
• Postscript on maximum efficiency.
• 11. Orthodox Act V. Clausius’ Second Paper: Absolute Temperatures, Irreversibility, and Oracling.
• 11A Kelvin’s Remarks on Dissipation.
• 11B Kelvin’s Absolute Temperatures.
• 11C Clausius’Two “Laws” of Thermodynamics.
• 11D Clausius’ Equivalence-Value of a Transformation.
• 11E Clausius’ Application to the Doctrine of Latent and Specific Heats.
• 11F Clausius’Remarks on Irreversible Processes.
• 11G Clausius’ Determination of His Universal Function T.
• 11H Critique: Empirical and Absolute Temperatures.
• 11I Critique: Clausius’”Laws” of Thermodynamics.
• 11J Critique: Irreversible Processes.
• Epilogue: Götterdämmerung.
• Sources.
• Index of Persons Mentioned.
• Index of Matters Treated.