Fundamentals of Electrocardiography

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• One: Normal Things.
• An Initial View of the EKG.
• Definitions of Q, R, S, T, and U Waves.
• Calculating the Heart Rate and Other EKG Events.
• How to Approach an EKG.
• Electrical Activity of Myocardial Cells.
• How Single Cell Events Generate the EKG.
• Events During Depolarization and Repolarization.
• Influence of Direction of Positive Voltage on the Recorded Signal.
• Lead Systems: Limb Leads.
• Plotting the Frontal Plane Axes: The Method of Semicircles or Hemispheres.
• Normal Ranges: Frontal Plane Axes.
• Lead Systems: Precordial Leads.
• Plotting the Horizontal Plane Axes: Their Normal Ranges.
• The Cube Vector System Leads.
• The Pathway of Ventricular Depolarization.
• Two: Hypertrophy, Strain, Ischemia, and Injury.
• The Normal P Vector or Axis, and Atrial Enlargement.
• Intracellular EKG Changes with Strain, Ischemia, Hypertrophy, and Infarction.
• Ventricular Hypertrophy and Atrophy.
• Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH).
• Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH).
• Three: Intraventricular Conduction Defects.
• Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB).
• Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB).
• The Hemiblocks.
• Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome.
• The Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome.
• Electrical Alternans and Aberrant Intra-Ventricular Conduction.
• Four: The Infarcts.
• Myocardial Infarction.
• Ischemia, Injury, and EKG Evolution Following Infarction.
• Anteroseptal Myocardial Infarction.
• Apical or Lateral Myocardial Infarction.
• Inferior or Diaphragmatic Myocardial Infarction.
• Posterior Myocardial Infarction.
• Infarction and Bundle Branch Blocks.
• Pericarditis and/or Effusion.
• Five: Extrasystoles.
• Normal Sinus Rhythm and Its Variations (NSR).
• Sinus Bradycardia.
• Sinus Arrhythmia.
• The Paradoxical Pulse.
• Wandering Atrial Pacemaker.
• Sinus Tachycardia.
• Sinus Standstill or SA Block.
• Extrasystoles: General Aspects.
• Atrial Extrasystoles.
• AV Nodal (Junctional) Extrasystoles.
• Ventricular (Purkinje Cell) Extrasystoles.
• Treatment of Extrasystoles.
• Ventricular Extrasystoles due to Automaticity or Re-Entry.
• Six: The Ectopic Arrhythmias.
• Analysis of Ectopic Tachycardias.
• Vagal Maneuvers.
• Atrial Tachycardia.
• Junctional Rhythm or Tachycardia.
• Atrial Flutter.
• Atrial Fibrillation.
• Treatment of Atrial, Fibrillation.
• AV Dissociation by Interference (Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm).
• Ventricular Tachycardia.
• Treatment of Ventricular Tachycardia.
• Ventricular Fibrillation.
• Seven: Conduction Disturbances.
• Disturbances of AV Conduction.
• First Degree AV Block.
• Second Degree AV Block and the Wenckebach Phenomenon.
• Mobitz Types 1 and 2 Second Degree AV Block.
• Third Degree or Complete AV Block.
• Stokes-Adams Episodes.
• Eight: Pulmonary Disease and Pediatric Tracings.
• Pulmonary Disease.
• Pediatric Tracings.
• Nine: Drugs, Electrolytes, Pacemakers, and Technical Errors.
• Digitalis.
• Pacemakers.
• Technical Errors.
• Primary Secondary and Nonspecific T Wave Changes.
• T Wave Changes due to Digitalis.
• Electrolyte Changes.
• Conclusion.
• References.