Microhardness of Metals and Semiconductors

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1. Apparatus and Method of Measuring Microhardness.
• The PMT-3 Apparatus.
• Determining the Scale of Microscope Magnification.
• Adjusting and Calibrating the Apparatus.
• Measuring the Diagonal of the Impression and Determining the Value of the Microhardness.
• Some Special Cases of Using the Devices for Measuring Microhardness.
• 2. Techniques of Determining Microhardness.
• Evaluating the Object and Choosing the Point for Studying Microhardness.
• Choice of Load.
• Choice of Loading Time and Period under Load.
• Measuring Microhardness with Automatic Sample Loading.
• Effect of Vibrations on Microhardness.
• Estimating Errors in Measuring Microhardness.
• 3. Method of Preparing Samples for Study.
• Effect of Structure.
• Effect of the Particular State of the Surface Layer.
• Chemical Treatment of the Surface of Microsections.
• 4. Aspects of the Method of Measuring the Microhardness of Semiconductors.
• Anisotropy of Microhardness.
• Dislocation Density.
• Microbrittleness.
• 5. Relation between the Microhardness of Solid-Solution Crystals and the Composition of the Alloy in Two-Component Systems.
• Theoretical Microhardness/Composition Relation in Two-Component Systems.
• The Microhardness Method in Plotting Limited-Solubility Curves on Phase Diagrams of Two-Component Systems.
• The Microhardness Method in Plotting Solidus Lines on the Phase Diagrams of Two-Component Systems.
• Microhardness in Two-Component Semiconducting Systems.
• Determining Ranges of Homogeneity Based on Semiconducting Compounds, Using the Microhardness Method.
• Distribution of Alloying (Doping) Elements in the Production of Single Crystals.
• Study of Diffusion Processes in Alloys.
• 6. Use of the Microhardness Method in Studying the Phase Diagrams and Structure of Three-Component Alloys.
• Some Theoretical Premises.
• Construction of a Limited-Solubility Surface and a Solidus Surface.
• Effect of the Deviations of the Sections Studied from the Conodes on the Character of the Microhardness/Composition Relationships.
• Additivity of the Microhardness Increment in the Form-Ternary and More Complex Solid Solutions.
• Use of the Microhardness Method in Plotting Conodes in Two-Phase Regions of Ternary Phase Diagrams.
• Chemical Interaction between Alloying Components in Ternary Solid Solutions Based on Metals and Semiconductors.
• 7. Use of the Microhardness Method in Studying the Phase Diagrams of Quaternary Systems.
• Plotting the Boundaries between Phase Regions in Quaternary Systems.
• Plotting Conodes in the Two-Phase Volumes of Quaternary Phase Diagrams.
• 8. Use of the Microhardness Method for Studying Liquation Phenomena in Alloys.
• Essence of the Phenomena of Dendritic Liquation and Indicators of the Chemical Microinhomogeneity of Alloys.
• Study of Chemical Microinhomogeneity in Alloys by the Microhardness Method.
• Dependence of the Indicators of Chemical Microinhomogeneity in Alloys on the Rate of Cooling during Crystallization.
• Kinetic Characteristics of Dendritic Liquation in Metallic Alloys.
• Effect of the Superheating of the Melt on the Development of Liquation Microinhomogeneities in Alloys.
• Crystallization Effect in the Quenching of Alloys from the Region of the Intermediate Solid-Liquid State.
• 9. Microheterogenization of Solid-Solution Crystals in Two-Phase Alloys.
• Relation between the Microhardness of Solid-Solution Crystals and the Composition of the Two-Phase Alloys.
• Two Mechanisms of the Microheterogenization of Solid-Solution Crystals in Two-Phase Alloys.
• Possible Existence of a Third Mechanism for the Microheterogenization of Solid-Solution Crystals in Two-Phase Alloys.
• Effect of Cooling Rate on the Microhardness of Heterogenized Solid-Solution Crystals of Two-Phase Alloys.
• Kinetics of the Transformation of Quasihomogeneous Solid-Solution Crystals of Two-Phase Alloys into the Truly Homogeneous State.
• Nature of Microheterogeneity.
• 10. Microhardness of Individual Phases and Structural Constituents of Metallic Alloys.
• The Microhardness Method for Studying the Structural Components of Nonferrous Alloys.
• The Microhardness Method for Studying the Structure and Properties of Steels and Cast Irons.
• The Microhardness of Refractory Compounds.
• 11. Microhardness of Semiconducting Materials.
• Microhardness of Semiconducting Materials of Various Groups.
• The Microhardness of Chemical Elements and Compounds and Their Crystal- Chemical Properties.
• References.