Development of Hormone Receptors

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Why do hormone receptors arise? An introduction.
• The evolution of recognition.
• Signal receivers and signal molecules.
• Interrelation of hormone receptor evolution.
• Conclusions.
• Mechanisms of receptor-mediated transmembrane signaling.
• Receptors, acceptors channels and the problem of transmembrane-signaling.
• General mechanisms of transmembrane signaling.
• Receptor dynamics and transmembrane signaling.
• Receptor microclustering and cell activation.
• Internalized receptor and cell activation.
• Summary.
• Insulin receptors: structure and function.
• The molecular mechanism of insulin action.
• The insulin receptor kinase.
• Biochemical properties of the insulin receptor kinase.
• Role of receptor phosphorylation in insulin action.
• Structure-function relationship of the insulin receptor kinase.
• Summary and conclusions.
• Internalization of polypeptide hormones and receptor recycling.
• Historical perspective.
• Events at the cell surface (steps 1, 2 and 3).
• Initial steps of endocytosis (steps 4 and 5).
• Later steps of endocytosis (steps 6, 7 and 8).
• Receptor recycling.
• What determines the specificity of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
• Biochemical features of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
• Functional implications of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
• The nature and development of steroid hormone receptors.
• Models of steroid hormone action.
• Nuclear binding sites.
• Development of steroid receptors: Ontogeny of estrogen receptors.
• Receptor ontogeny and hormonal imprinting.
• Receptor alterations during ontogenetic development.
• Why is receptor adaptation necessary? An approach based on information theory.
• Experimental evidence for hormonal imprinting.
• Polypeptide hormones.
• Imprinting by related hormones; the disturbing effect of ’noise’.
• Overlappingimprinting by steroid hormones.
• Imprinting with acid type hormones.
• The importance and sensitivity of imprinting.
• Hormonal imprinting in cell lines.
• Cell-cell transmission of hormonal imprinting.
• Hormonal imprinting at enzyme level.
• The mechanism of imprinting.
• The four stages of the development of encoded adaptation-requiring dynamic systems in mammals.
• Medicinal aspects of hormonal imprinting.
• The spectal case of hormonal imprinting, the neonatal influence of sex.
• Historical perspectives.
• Environmental influences on sexual differentiation.
• Genetic influences on sexual differentiation.
• Hormonal influences on sexual differentiation.
• The mechanism of receptor development as implied by hormonal imprinting studies on unicellular organisms.
• The role of the cell membrane in hormonal imprinting.
• The role of second messengers in hormonal imprinting.
• Impact of the inhibition of endocytosis, transcription and translation on hormonal imprinting.
• Impact of hormone concentration and time factor on hormonal imprinting.
• Which materials can induce imprinting.
• Study of induced receptors in the Tetrahymena.
• Receptor ’memory’ in unicellular model systems.
• Structural studies on membrane receptors of Tetrahymena.
• Specificity of the hormone receptors of Tetrahymena.
• The phylogeny of the endocrine system.
• The scope of phylogeny.
• Thyroidal phylogenesis.
• The steroid ring system.
• Peptide hormones.
• Pathways of endocrine diversification.
• Multiple sites and actions.
• Invertebrates.
• Challenging perspectives.
• A new approach to the molecular evolution of hormones: the receptorial aspect.
• The signal molecule potential of amino acids.
• The signal molecule potential of oligopeptides.
• Common origin and phylogenetic diversification of animal hormonalsystems.
• The significance of the evolutionary history of hormones.
• The approach of comparative physiology.
• The common base of intercellular messenger substances in multicellular organisms.
• The different evolutions of animal and plant hormonal systems.
• Diversification of hormonal systems in multicellular animals.
• The evolutionary history of neurosecretion.
• Neuroendocrine and epithelial endocrine glands.
• Under what conditions do complicated hormonal systems evolve?.
• Hormonal control of sexual differentiation.
• The evolution of endocrine organs from the target tissue.
• The principle of polytropic action.
• Receptors for intercellular messenger molecules in microbes: similarities to vertebrate receptors and possible implications for diseases in man.
• Unicellular eukaryotes.
• Prokaryotes.
• Conclusion.
• Development of hormone receptors: Conclusions.
• Vertebrate hormones exist in invertebrates, in unicellular organisms and in plants.
• Lower organisms possess receptors for vertebrate hormones.
• Evolutionary aspects of hormones and receptors.
• The genetic code for receptor synthesis.
• Hormone-induced activation of receptor synthesis.
• Hormone-induced organization of receptors.
• A teleological point of view.