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Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik
Morphology · Physiology · Genetics · Taxonomy · Geobotany / Morphologie · Physiologie · Genetik · Systematik · Geobotanik
von Heinz Ellenberg, Karl Esser, Hermann Merxmüller, Eberhard Schnepf und Hubert ZieglerInhaltsverzeichnis
- A. Morphology.
- I. Cytology.
- a) General and Molecular Cytology..
- 1. Structures of Endomembranes and Plasma Membranes, with Special Emphasis on Observations Made with the Freeze-Etching Technique.
- 2. Isolation and Characterization of Fractions of Isolated Membranes.
- a) Nuclear Membranes.
- b) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (“Rough” and “Smooth” Microsomes): Isolation and Composition.
- c) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Redox Components and Cytochrome.
- d) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Phosphohydrolases.
- e) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Glycosyltransferases.
- References.
- b) Special Cytology: Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Fungal Cell..
- 1. Cell Nucleus.
- a) Isolated Chromatin.
- b) Nucleus-Associated-Organelle (NAO).
- c) Synaptonemal Complex (SC).
- d) Spindle Poisons.
- 2. Mitochondria.
- a) Attached Ribosomes.
- b) DNA.
- 3. Cell Wall.
- a) Extraordinary Surface Structures.
- b) Chemical Composition.
- ?) Proteinic Component.
- ?) Polysaccharide Component.
- c) Wall Formation.
- d) Septa.
- c) Special Cytology: Morphology and Morphogenesis of Cells of Higher Plants..
- 1. Introduction.
- 2. Glandular Cells.
- a) Slime Glands.
- b) Hydathodes.
- c) Salt Glands.
- d) Nectaries.
- e) Glands with Lipophilic Secretions.
- f) Protein-Secreting Aleurone Cells.
- 3. Excretion Cells.
- 4. Endodermal Cells.
- 5. Microtubules and Cell Morphogenesis.
- IIa) Morphologie und Anatomie der höheren Pflanzen: Vegetationsorgane..
- 1. Vorbemerkung.
- 2. Samenpflanzen.
- a) Blattmorphologie und -entwicklung.
- b) Achsenkörper und Verzweigungssysteme.
- c) Wurzelsysteme.
- 3. Pteridophyten.
- Literatur.
- IIb) Morphologie und Anatomie der höheren Pflanzen: Reproduktionsorgane.
- 2. Blüte und Frucht.
- a) Allgemeines.
- b) Perianth und Androeceum.
- c) Gynoeceum.
- d) Nektarien und Öldrüsen.
- e) Frucht und Samen.
- 3. Blütenstände.
- 4. Embryologie und Pollenmorphologie.
- b) Pollen.
- c) Samenanlagen- und Samenschalenentwicklung.
- d) Embryosack, Endosperm und Embryo.
- B. Physiology.
- I. Cell Physiology. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport.
- With 2 Figures.
- 1. Techniques.
- 2. Dielectric Phenomena versus Membrane Structure.
- a) Dielectric Dispersion.
- b) Membrane Punch-Through and Dielectric Breakdown.
- 3. The Electrogenic Pump Concept.
- a) Electrical Equivalent Circuits.
- b) The Proton Pump.
- c) Current-Voltage Relationships.
- d) Energetics of the Electrogenic Pump.
- 4. Photoelectric Phenomena.
- 5. Co-Transport.
- 6. Transport of K+ and Na+.
- a) Are there Neutral Ion Pumps?.
- b) K+ Flux and Turgor Regulation.
- 7. Chloride Transport.
- 8. Control by Hormones.
- 9. Excitable Membranes.
- a) Action Potentials in Algae.
- b) Action Potentials in Higher Plants.
- 10. Signal Transmission by Non-Excitable Membranes.
- 11. Electrical Control of Morphogenetic Events.
- II. Plant Water Relations..
- 1. Water Conditions of Cells and Tissues.
- 2. Water States and Water Flux in the Intact Plant and within the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum.
- 3. Water Uptake and Root Resistances.
- 4. Transpiration and Associated Leaf Resistances.
- a) Water Pathways in Leaves and Internal Leaf Resistances.
- b) Stomatal Resistance.
- ?) Hormonal Control.
- ?) Leaf Water Status.
- ?) Air Humidity.
- ?) Temperature.
- ?) Air Pollutants.
- ?) Methods.
- c) Boundary Layer Resistance.
- d) Patterns of Transpiration.
- 5. Physiological Implications of Water Stress.
- 6. Water Relations and Salinity.
- 7. Mathematical Models to Describe Plantwater Relations.
- 8. Aspects of Applied Water Physiology.
- 9. Water Relations in Special Plant Groups.
- ?) Algae.
- ?) Fungi.
- ?) Lichens.
- ?) Mosses.
- ?) Phanerogams.
- III. Mineral Metabolism: Role of Mineral Elements..
- 1. General Aspects.
- a) Chloroplasts.
- b) Lipids.
- c) Parasitic Diseases.
- d) Toxicity.
- 2. Role of Certain Elements.
- a) Potassium.
- b) Sodium.
- c) Calcium.
- d) Iron.
- e) Zinc.
- f) Copper.
- g) Boron.
- h) Other Mineral Elements.
- 3. Na Salt Effects.
- IV. Photosynthesis. Biophysical Aspects. With 1 Figure.
- 2. Photosynthesis of Oxygen-Evolving Organisms.
- a) Introduction.
- b) Photosystem 1.
- c) Photosystem 2.
- Photosynthetic Bacteria.
- V. Carbohydrate Metabolism. With 1 Figure.
- 1. Monosaccharides.
- a) D- and L-Galactose.
- b) Cymarose.
- c) D-Apiose.
- d) D-Hamamelose.
- e) D-Glucaric Acid.
- 2. Oligosaccharides.
- a) Sucrose.
- b) The Galactosides of Sucrose.
- c) The Glucosides of Sucrose (Gentianose).
- d) ?, ?-Trehalose and Glucosyltrehalose.
- 3. Starch.
- a) Introduction: The Biochemical Reactions of Starch Synthesis.
- b) Chain Lengthening with and without Primer.
- c) Starch Synthesis by Phosphorylase and Starch Synthetase.
- d) Regulation of Starch Synthesis.
- VI. Secondary Plant Substances. Aspects of Steroid Biosynthesis in Plants. With 7 Figures.
- 2. Squalene Biosynthesis.
- 3. Squalene Cyclization.
- 4. The Cycloartenol Conversion to Phytosterols.
- 5. Alkylation of the Phytosterol Side Chain.
- 6. Ecdysterone and Related Compounds.
- 7. Steroidal Sapogenins.
- 8. Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.
- 9. Steroid Alkaloids.
- 10. Regulation of Steroid Synthesis in Plants.
- VII. Entwicklungsphysiologie..
- 1. Einleitung.
- 2. Algen.
- 3. Regeneration und Gewebekulturen.
- 4. Embryobildung.
- 5. Pollenregeneration.
- 6. Protoplastentechnik.
- 7. Lectine.
- 8. Die Bedeutung von cAMP für die pflanzliche Entwicklung.
- 9. Quiescent Center.
- VIII. Locomotion.
- 1. Light Control of Movement.
- a) Terminology.
- b) Photokinesis.
- c) Photophobic Response.
- d) Phototaxis.
- e) Conclusions.
- 2. Chemotaxis.
- a) Chemoperception.
- b) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Bacteria.
- c) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Eukaryotic Cells.
- C. Genetics.
- I. Replication: Organization and Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome. With 6 Figures.
- 1. Organization of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.
- a) Interspersion and Clustering of Repetitive DNA’s.
- b) Palindromes.
- c) Repetitive DNA at the Chromosomal Level.
- d) Conformations of the DNA-protein Complex.
- 2. The Chromosomal Organization in the Dinophyceae.
- 3. Replication.
- a) The Mechanism of DNA Replication.
- b) DNA Methylation.
- c) The Replicon.
- d) Control of DNA Replication.
- 4. Differential DNA Replication: Amplification and Underreplication.
- II. Recombination. With 1 Figure.
- 2. Features of Intragenic and Intergenic Recombination.
- a) Polarity.
- b) Marker Effect.
- c) Map Expansion, Co-Conversion.
- d) Relationship between Reciprocal Crossing Over and Conversion.
- e) Models for Genetic Recombination.
- f) Sister Strand Exchange.
- 3. Somatic Recombination.
- III. Mutation..
- 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.
- a) Physical Mutagens.
- ?) X-Rays.
- ?) Gamma Rays.
- ?) Beta Rays.
- ?) Radio- and Supersonic Waves.
- b) Chemical Mutagens.
- ?) Ethyl Methanesulfonate and Derivatives.
- ?) Ethyleneimine and Related Substances.
- ?) Caffeine and Derivatives.
- ?) Other Mutagenic Chemicals.
- ?) Herbicides, Fungicides, Insecticides.
- c) The Combined Action of Different Mutagens.
- d) Comparison of the Action of Different Mutagens.
- e) Antimutagenic Effects.
- f) The Sensitivity of Species, Genotypes, and Developmental Stages to Mutagenic Agents.
- g) Spontaneous Mutations.
- 2. Gene Mutations.
- a) The Genetic Control of Meiosis.
- ?) Asynapsis.
- ?) Desynapsis.
- ?) Genetically Conditioned Male and Female Sterility.
- b) The Application of Mutagenesis in Plant Breeding.
- ?) The Improvement of Crops by Means of Mutations.
- ?) The Genetic Control of Seed Protein Production.
- c) Other Groups of Experimentally Induced Mutants and Recombinants.
- d) Gene Ecology.
- e) Mutant Genes and Heterosis.
- f) The Chimerical Status of the M1 Plants.
- 3. Chromosome Mutations.
- a) Spontaneous Chromosome Mutations.
- b) Experimentally Induced Chromosome Mutations.
- c) The Distribution of the Breakpoints.
- IV. Function of Genetic Materials. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in Fungi. With 1 Figure.
- 2. Evidence for Promoters and Operators in Eukaryotes.
- 3. General Systems of Regulation.
- a) Genetics of Ammonium Repression.
- b) Genetic Regulation of Carbon Catabolism.
- c) Genetics of Phosphate Repression.
- V. Extrakaryotic Inheritance..
- 2. Mechanisms of Uniparental Inheritance.
- 3. DNA, RNA, Ribosomes and Plastid Inheritance.
- 4. Genetic Determination of Plastid Characteristics.
- 5. Mitochondrial Genetics of Green Plants.
- 6. Phylogeny of Plastids and Mitochondria.
- 7. Other Extrakryotic Determinants.
- D. Taxonomy.
- I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants. With 1 Figure.
- 1. Relationships between Evolution and Classification.
- a) Biosystematics and Formal Taxonomy.
- b) The Units of Evolution and of Classification.
- c) The Process of Classification.
- d) Handling Diversity.
- e) Priorities of Systematics and Taxonomy.
- 2. Morphology and Anatomy.
- a) Growth Forms.
- b) Vegetative Structures.
- c) Flower and Fruit Structures.
- d) The “Kranz Syndrome”.
- e) Embryology and Palynology.
- 3. Karyology and Cytogenetics.
- a) Karyotypes and DNA Content.
- b) Cytogenetics.
- c) Variation of Chromosome Numbers.
- 4. Chemical Systematics.
- 5. Reproductive Biology.
- a) Sex Distribution in Angiosperms — the Search for the Ancestral Condition.
- b) Alio- and Autogamy and Their Causative Factors.
- c) Amphimixis and Apomixis.
- d) Synchronized Flowering and Fruiting.
- 6. Evolution.
- a) Differentiation of Populations.
- b) Ecotypic Variation and the Origin of Adaptations..
- c) Divergence of Populations.
- d) Hybridization.
- e) Populations in Space and in Time.
- f) Factors Promoting Diversity.
- ?) Abiotic Factors.
- ?) Animal-Plant Interactions.
- 7. Plants and Man.
- a) Ethno-Botanical Contributions.
- b) Evolution and Systematics of Cultivated Plants.
- 8. Systematics, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Seed Plants.
- a) Phylogeny and Systematics of the Higher Taxa.
- b) Systematics and Taxonomy of Families and Genera.
- II. Paläobotanik..
- 1. Bryophyta.
- 2. Pteridophyta.
- a) Psilophytatae.
- b) Lycopodiatae.
- c) Equisetatae.
- d) Noëggerathiatae.
- e) Filicatae.
- ?) Primofilices.
- ?) Eusporangiatae.
- ?) Leptosporangiatae.
- ?) Hydropterides.
- f) Progymnospermatae.
- 3. Spermatophyta.
- a) Lyginopteridatae.
- ?) Lyginopteridales.
- ?) Glossopteridales.
- ?) Pentoxylales.
- ?) Caytoniales.
- b) Bennettitatae.
- c) Cycadatae.
- d) Ginkgoatae.
- e) Pinatae.
- f) Magnoliophytina.
- ?) Allgemeines.
- ?) Magnoliatae.
- ?) Liliatae.
- E. Geobotany (Plant Geography, Vegetation History and Ecology).
- I. Areal- und Florenkunde (Floristische Geobotanik)..
- 1. Neue Floren.
- a) Makaronesien; neue Daten über Endemismus.
- b) Mediterrangebiet.
- c) Orient.
- d) Mitteleuropa.
- e) Sowjetunion.
- f) China.
- g) Nordamerika.
- 2. Kartierung von Pflanzenarealen.
- a) Rasterkarten.
- b) Punktkarten.
- 3. Ökologische Interpretation von Arealen.
- a) Vergleich von Arealkarten mit ökologischen und geographischen Karten.
- b) Klimarhythmus als arealbegrenzender Faktor.
- c) Erklärung von disjunkten Arealen.
- d) Verwendung der Areale zur ökologischen Charakterisierung von Arten und Pflanzengemeinschaften.
- 4. Arealdifferenzierung in Raum und Zeit.
- a) Lage der Primitivsippen-Areale zum Entstehungszentrum? Ursprungszentrum der Angiospermen.
- b) Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Floren der Tropen.
- c) Geschichte der Etesienfloren.
- d) Stellung und Geschichte von Gramineenfloren.
- e) Verbindung zwischen Ostsibirien und Alaska im Quartär.
- 5. Synanthrope Arealveränderungen.
- 6. Florenkunde.
- a) Beziehung der Artenzahl zur Flächengröße.
- b) Ursachen des Artenreichtums.
- c) Floristische Beziehungen der Gebirge.
- 7. Pflanzengeographische Gebietsgliederung.
- 8. Arealtypen.
- II. The History of Flora and Vegetation during the Quaternary.
- 1. Africa.
- a) General Problems.
- b) The Sahara and Adjacent Regions.
- c) Eastern and Southern Africa.
- 2. The Sub-Antarctic Oceans.
- 3. Scotland and Its Surroundings.
- III. Vegetation Ecology (Sociological Geobotany)..
- 1. Reviews, Textbooks, Bibliographies.
- 2. General Results and Methods.
- a) Classification, Syntaxonomy, Nomenclature.
- b) Vegetation Mapping.
- c) Analysis of Vegetational Mosaics and Complexes.
- d) Influences of Animals on Vegetation.
- 3. Vegetation of Europe, Northern Asia and North America.
- a) Arctic Vegetation.
- b) Vegetation of Central Asia.
- c) Vegetation of Japan.
- d) Features of Natural Conifer Forests in Temperate Europe.
- e) Weed Vegetation of Europe and North America.
- 4. Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation.
- a) Tropical and Subtropical Epiphytic Vegetation.
- b) Tropical Aquatic Vegetation.
- c) Tropical African Savanna Vegetation.
- 5. Subantarctic Vegetation: Forests.
- IV. Experimental Ecology..
- 1. General.
- 2. Relations to Environmental Factors.
- a) Climate, Mainly Temperature.
- b) Light.
- c) Water.
- d) Soil, Mainly Mineral Nutrients.
- e) Other Chemical Factors.
- 3. Productivity and Ecosystem Research.
- a) Photosynthesis.
- b) Biomass and Productivity.
- c) Litter Fall and Nutrient Cycle.
- V. Blütenökologie..
- 1. Allgemeines.
- 2. Blütenbewegung und Periodizität.
- 3. Anlockungsmittel.
- a) Duftstoffe.
- b) Optik und Pigmentierung.
- c) Nektar und Nektarien.
- d) Fettes Öl.
- e) Pollen und Pollenausbeutung.
- 4. Blüten-Biotypen und ihre Evolution.
- 5. Pollination einzelner Gruppen.
- a) Verschiedene Angiospermen.
- b) Nutzpflanzen.
- c) Orchideen.
- d) Ficus.
- 6. Bestäubung in einzelnen Biozönosen..
- 7. Populationsgenetische Aspekte.
- a) Pollenfluß.
- b) Autogamie, Incompatibilität.
- c) Diözie, Heterostylie.