Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik von Heinz Ellenberg | Morphology · Physiology · Genetics · Taxonomy · Geobotany / Morphologie · Physiologie · Genetik · Systematik · Geobotanik | ISBN 9783540075042

Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik

Morphology · Physiology · Genetics · Taxonomy · Geobotany / Morphologie · Physiologie · Genetik · Systematik · Geobotanik

von Heinz Ellenberg, Karl Esser, Hermann Merxmüller, Eberhard Schnepf und Hubert Ziegler
Mitwirkende
Autor / AutorinHeinz Ellenberg
Autor / AutorinKarl Esser
Autor / AutorinHermann Merxmüller
Autor / AutorinEberhard Schnepf
Autor / AutorinHubert Ziegler
Buchcover Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik | Heinz Ellenberg | EAN 9783540075042 | ISBN 3-540-07504-6 | ISBN 978-3-540-07504-2

Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik

Morphology · Physiology · Genetics · Taxonomy · Geobotany / Morphologie · Physiologie · Genetik · Systematik · Geobotanik

von Heinz Ellenberg, Karl Esser, Hermann Merxmüller, Eberhard Schnepf und Hubert Ziegler
Mitwirkende
Autor / AutorinHeinz Ellenberg
Autor / AutorinKarl Esser
Autor / AutorinHermann Merxmüller
Autor / AutorinEberhard Schnepf
Autor / AutorinHubert Ziegler

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  • A. Morphology.
  • I. Cytology.
  • a) General and Molecular Cytology..
  • 1. Structures of Endomembranes and Plasma Membranes, with Special Emphasis on Observations Made with the Freeze-Etching Technique.
  • 2. Isolation and Characterization of Fractions of Isolated Membranes.
  • a) Nuclear Membranes.
  • b) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (“Rough” and “Smooth” Microsomes): Isolation and Composition.
  • c) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Redox Components and Cytochrome.
  • d) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Phosphohydrolases.
  • e) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Glycosyltransferases.
  • References.
  • b) Special Cytology: Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Fungal Cell..
  • 1. Cell Nucleus.
  • a) Isolated Chromatin.
  • b) Nucleus-Associated-Organelle (NAO).
  • c) Synaptonemal Complex (SC).
  • d) Spindle Poisons.
  • 2. Mitochondria.
  • a) Attached Ribosomes.
  • b) DNA.
  • 3. Cell Wall.
  • a) Extraordinary Surface Structures.
  • b) Chemical Composition.
  • ?) Proteinic Component.
  • ?) Polysaccharide Component.
  • c) Wall Formation.
  • d) Septa.
  • c) Special Cytology: Morphology and Morphogenesis of Cells of Higher Plants..
  • 1. Introduction.
  • 2. Glandular Cells.
  • a) Slime Glands.
  • b) Hydathodes.
  • c) Salt Glands.
  • d) Nectaries.
  • e) Glands with Lipophilic Secretions.
  • f) Protein-Secreting Aleurone Cells.
  • 3. Excretion Cells.
  • 4. Endodermal Cells.
  • 5. Microtubules and Cell Morphogenesis.
  • IIa) Morphologie und Anatomie der höheren Pflanzen: Vegetationsorgane..
  • 1. Vorbemerkung.
  • 2. Samenpflanzen.
  • a) Blattmorphologie und -entwicklung.
  • b) Achsenkörper und Verzweigungssysteme.
  • c) Wurzelsysteme.
  • 3. Pteridophyten.
  • Literatur.
  • IIb) Morphologie und Anatomie der höheren Pflanzen: Reproduktionsorgane.
  • 2. Blüte und Frucht.
  • a) Allgemeines.
  • b) Perianth und Androeceum.
  • c) Gynoeceum.
  • d) Nektarien und Öldrüsen.
  • e) Frucht und Samen.
  • 3. Blütenstände.
  • 4. Embryologie und Pollenmorphologie.
  • b) Pollen.
  • c) Samenanlagen- und Samenschalenentwicklung.
  • d) Embryosack, Endosperm und Embryo.
  • B. Physiology.
  • I. Cell Physiology. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport.
  • With 2 Figures.
  • 1. Techniques.
  • 2. Dielectric Phenomena versus Membrane Structure.
  • a) Dielectric Dispersion.
  • b) Membrane Punch-Through and Dielectric Breakdown.
  • 3. The Electrogenic Pump Concept.
  • a) Electrical Equivalent Circuits.
  • b) The Proton Pump.
  • c) Current-Voltage Relationships.
  • d) Energetics of the Electrogenic Pump.
  • 4. Photoelectric Phenomena.
  • 5. Co-Transport.
  • 6. Transport of K+ and Na+.
  • a) Are there Neutral Ion Pumps?.
  • b) K+ Flux and Turgor Regulation.
  • 7. Chloride Transport.
  • 8. Control by Hormones.
  • 9. Excitable Membranes.
  • a) Action Potentials in Algae.
  • b) Action Potentials in Higher Plants.
  • 10. Signal Transmission by Non-Excitable Membranes.
  • 11. Electrical Control of Morphogenetic Events.
  • II. Plant Water Relations..
  • 1. Water Conditions of Cells and Tissues.
  • 2. Water States and Water Flux in the Intact Plant and within the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum.
  • 3. Water Uptake and Root Resistances.
  • 4. Transpiration and Associated Leaf Resistances.
  • a) Water Pathways in Leaves and Internal Leaf Resistances.
  • b) Stomatal Resistance.
  • ?) Hormonal Control.
  • ?) Leaf Water Status.
  • ?) Air Humidity.
  • ?) Temperature.
  • ?) Air Pollutants.
  • ?) Methods.
  • c) Boundary Layer Resistance.
  • d) Patterns of Transpiration.
  • 5. Physiological Implications of Water Stress.
  • 6. Water Relations and Salinity.
  • 7. Mathematical Models to Describe Plantwater Relations.
  • 8. Aspects of Applied Water Physiology.
  • 9. Water Relations in Special Plant Groups.
  • ?) Algae.
  • ?) Fungi.
  • ?) Lichens.
  • ?) Mosses.
  • ?) Phanerogams.
  • III. Mineral Metabolism: Role of Mineral Elements..
  • 1. General Aspects.
  • a) Chloroplasts.
  • b) Lipids.
  • c) Parasitic Diseases.
  • d) Toxicity.
  • 2. Role of Certain Elements.
  • a) Potassium.
  • b) Sodium.
  • c) Calcium.
  • d) Iron.
  • e) Zinc.
  • f) Copper.
  • g) Boron.
  • h) Other Mineral Elements.
  • 3. Na Salt Effects.
  • IV. Photosynthesis. Biophysical Aspects. With 1 Figure.
  • 2. Photosynthesis of Oxygen-Evolving Organisms.
  • a) Introduction.
  • b) Photosystem 1.
  • c) Photosystem 2.
  • Photosynthetic Bacteria.
  • V. Carbohydrate Metabolism. With 1 Figure.
  • 1. Monosaccharides.
  • a) D- and L-Galactose.
  • b) Cymarose.
  • c) D-Apiose.
  • d) D-Hamamelose.
  • e) D-Glucaric Acid.
  • 2. Oligosaccharides.
  • a) Sucrose.
  • b) The Galactosides of Sucrose.
  • c) The Glucosides of Sucrose (Gentianose).
  • d) ?, ?-Trehalose and Glucosyltrehalose.
  • 3. Starch.
  • a) Introduction: The Biochemical Reactions of Starch Synthesis.
  • b) Chain Lengthening with and without Primer.
  • c) Starch Synthesis by Phosphorylase and Starch Synthetase.
  • d) Regulation of Starch Synthesis.
  • VI. Secondary Plant Substances. Aspects of Steroid Biosynthesis in Plants. With 7 Figures.
  • 2. Squalene Biosynthesis.
  • 3. Squalene Cyclization.
  • 4. The Cycloartenol Conversion to Phytosterols.
  • 5. Alkylation of the Phytosterol Side Chain.
  • 6. Ecdysterone and Related Compounds.
  • 7. Steroidal Sapogenins.
  • 8. Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.
  • 9. Steroid Alkaloids.
  • 10. Regulation of Steroid Synthesis in Plants.
  • VII. Entwicklungsphysiologie..
  • 1. Einleitung.
  • 2. Algen.
  • 3. Regeneration und Gewebekulturen.
  • 4. Embryobildung.
  • 5. Pollenregeneration.
  • 6. Protoplastentechnik.
  • 7. Lectine.
  • 8. Die Bedeutung von cAMP für die pflanzliche Entwicklung.
  • 9. Quiescent Center.
  • VIII. Locomotion.
  • 1. Light Control of Movement.
  • a) Terminology.
  • b) Photokinesis.
  • c) Photophobic Response.
  • d) Phototaxis.
  • e) Conclusions.
  • 2. Chemotaxis.
  • a) Chemoperception.
  • b) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Bacteria.
  • c) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Eukaryotic Cells.
  • C. Genetics.
  • I. Replication: Organization and Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome. With 6 Figures.
  • 1. Organization of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.
  • a) Interspersion and Clustering of Repetitive DNA’s.
  • b) Palindromes.
  • c) Repetitive DNA at the Chromosomal Level.
  • d) Conformations of the DNA-protein Complex.
  • 2. The Chromosomal Organization in the Dinophyceae.
  • 3. Replication.
  • a) The Mechanism of DNA Replication.
  • b) DNA Methylation.
  • c) The Replicon.
  • d) Control of DNA Replication.
  • 4. Differential DNA Replication: Amplification and Underreplication.
  • II. Recombination. With 1 Figure.
  • 2. Features of Intragenic and Intergenic Recombination.
  • a) Polarity.
  • b) Marker Effect.
  • c) Map Expansion, Co-Conversion.
  • d) Relationship between Reciprocal Crossing Over and Conversion.
  • e) Models for Genetic Recombination.
  • f) Sister Strand Exchange.
  • 3. Somatic Recombination.
  • III. Mutation..
  • 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.
  • a) Physical Mutagens.
  • ?) X-Rays.
  • ?) Gamma Rays.
  • ?) Beta Rays.
  • ?) Radio- and Supersonic Waves.
  • b) Chemical Mutagens.
  • ?) Ethyl Methanesulfonate and Derivatives.
  • ?) Ethyleneimine and Related Substances.
  • ?) Caffeine and Derivatives.
  • ?) Other Mutagenic Chemicals.
  • ?) Herbicides, Fungicides, Insecticides.
  • c) The Combined Action of Different Mutagens.
  • d) Comparison of the Action of Different Mutagens.
  • e) Antimutagenic Effects.
  • f) The Sensitivity of Species, Genotypes, and Developmental Stages to Mutagenic Agents.
  • g) Spontaneous Mutations.
  • 2. Gene Mutations.
  • a) The Genetic Control of Meiosis.
  • ?) Asynapsis.
  • ?) Desynapsis.
  • ?) Genetically Conditioned Male and Female Sterility.
  • b) The Application of Mutagenesis in Plant Breeding.
  • ?) The Improvement of Crops by Means of Mutations.
  • ?) The Genetic Control of Seed Protein Production.
  • c) Other Groups of Experimentally Induced Mutants and Recombinants.
  • d) Gene Ecology.
  • e) Mutant Genes and Heterosis.
  • f) The Chimerical Status of the M1 Plants.
  • 3. Chromosome Mutations.
  • a) Spontaneous Chromosome Mutations.
  • b) Experimentally Induced Chromosome Mutations.
  • c) The Distribution of the Breakpoints.
  • IV. Function of Genetic Materials. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in Fungi. With 1 Figure.
  • 2. Evidence for Promoters and Operators in Eukaryotes.
  • 3. General Systems of Regulation.
  • a) Genetics of Ammonium Repression.
  • b) Genetic Regulation of Carbon Catabolism.
  • c) Genetics of Phosphate Repression.
  • V. Extrakaryotic Inheritance..
  • 2. Mechanisms of Uniparental Inheritance.
  • 3. DNA, RNA, Ribosomes and Plastid Inheritance.
  • 4. Genetic Determination of Plastid Characteristics.
  • 5. Mitochondrial Genetics of Green Plants.
  • 6. Phylogeny of Plastids and Mitochondria.
  • 7. Other Extrakryotic Determinants.
  • D. Taxonomy.
  • I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants. With 1 Figure.
  • 1. Relationships between Evolution and Classification.
  • a) Biosystematics and Formal Taxonomy.
  • b) The Units of Evolution and of Classification.
  • c) The Process of Classification.
  • d) Handling Diversity.
  • e) Priorities of Systematics and Taxonomy.
  • 2. Morphology and Anatomy.
  • a) Growth Forms.
  • b) Vegetative Structures.
  • c) Flower and Fruit Structures.
  • d) The “Kranz Syndrome”.
  • e) Embryology and Palynology.
  • 3. Karyology and Cytogenetics.
  • a) Karyotypes and DNA Content.
  • b) Cytogenetics.
  • c) Variation of Chromosome Numbers.
  • 4. Chemical Systematics.
  • 5. Reproductive Biology.
  • a) Sex Distribution in Angiosperms — the Search for the Ancestral Condition.
  • b) Alio- and Autogamy and Their Causative Factors.
  • c) Amphimixis and Apomixis.
  • d) Synchronized Flowering and Fruiting.
  • 6. Evolution.
  • a) Differentiation of Populations.
  • b) Ecotypic Variation and the Origin of Adaptations..
  • c) Divergence of Populations.
  • d) Hybridization.
  • e) Populations in Space and in Time.
  • f) Factors Promoting Diversity.
  • ?) Abiotic Factors.
  • ?) Animal-Plant Interactions.
  • 7. Plants and Man.
  • a) Ethno-Botanical Contributions.
  • b) Evolution and Systematics of Cultivated Plants.
  • 8. Systematics, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Seed Plants.
  • a) Phylogeny and Systematics of the Higher Taxa.
  • b) Systematics and Taxonomy of Families and Genera.
  • II. Paläobotanik..
  • 1. Bryophyta.
  • 2. Pteridophyta.
  • a) Psilophytatae.
  • b) Lycopodiatae.
  • c) Equisetatae.
  • d) Noëggerathiatae.
  • e) Filicatae.
  • ?) Primofilices.
  • ?) Eusporangiatae.
  • ?) Leptosporangiatae.
  • ?) Hydropterides.
  • f) Progymnospermatae.
  • 3. Spermatophyta.
  • a) Lyginopteridatae.
  • ?) Lyginopteridales.
  • ?) Glossopteridales.
  • ?) Pentoxylales.
  • ?) Caytoniales.
  • b) Bennettitatae.
  • c) Cycadatae.
  • d) Ginkgoatae.
  • e) Pinatae.
  • f) Magnoliophytina.
  • ?) Allgemeines.
  • ?) Magnoliatae.
  • ?) Liliatae.
  • E. Geobotany (Plant Geography, Vegetation History and Ecology).
  • I. Areal- und Florenkunde (Floristische Geobotanik)..
  • 1. Neue Floren.
  • a) Makaronesien; neue Daten über Endemismus.
  • b) Mediterrangebiet.
  • c) Orient.
  • d) Mitteleuropa.
  • e) Sowjetunion.
  • f) China.
  • g) Nordamerika.
  • 2. Kartierung von Pflanzenarealen.
  • a) Rasterkarten.
  • b) Punktkarten.
  • 3. Ökologische Interpretation von Arealen.
  • a) Vergleich von Arealkarten mit ökologischen und geographischen Karten.
  • b) Klimarhythmus als arealbegrenzender Faktor.
  • c) Erklärung von disjunkten Arealen.
  • d) Verwendung der Areale zur ökologischen Charakterisierung von Arten und Pflanzengemeinschaften.
  • 4. Arealdifferenzierung in Raum und Zeit.
  • a) Lage der Primitivsippen-Areale zum Entstehungszentrum? Ursprungszentrum der Angiospermen.
  • b) Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Floren der Tropen.
  • c) Geschichte der Etesienfloren.
  • d) Stellung und Geschichte von Gramineenfloren.
  • e) Verbindung zwischen Ostsibirien und Alaska im Quartär.
  • 5. Synanthrope Arealveränderungen.
  • 6. Florenkunde.
  • a) Beziehung der Artenzahl zur Flächengröße.
  • b) Ursachen des Artenreichtums.
  • c) Floristische Beziehungen der Gebirge.
  • 7. Pflanzengeographische Gebietsgliederung.
  • 8. Arealtypen.
  • II. The History of Flora and Vegetation during the Quaternary.
  • 1. Africa.
  • a) General Problems.
  • b) The Sahara and Adjacent Regions.
  • c) Eastern and Southern Africa.
  • 2. The Sub-Antarctic Oceans.
  • 3. Scotland and Its Surroundings.
  • III. Vegetation Ecology (Sociological Geobotany)..
  • 1. Reviews, Textbooks, Bibliographies.
  • 2. General Results and Methods.
  • a) Classification, Syntaxonomy, Nomenclature.
  • b) Vegetation Mapping.
  • c) Analysis of Vegetational Mosaics and Complexes.
  • d) Influences of Animals on Vegetation.
  • 3. Vegetation of Europe, Northern Asia and North America.
  • a) Arctic Vegetation.
  • b) Vegetation of Central Asia.
  • c) Vegetation of Japan.
  • d) Features of Natural Conifer Forests in Temperate Europe.
  • e) Weed Vegetation of Europe and North America.
  • 4. Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation.
  • a) Tropical and Subtropical Epiphytic Vegetation.
  • b) Tropical Aquatic Vegetation.
  • c) Tropical African Savanna Vegetation.
  • 5. Subantarctic Vegetation: Forests.
  • IV. Experimental Ecology..
  • 1. General.
  • 2. Relations to Environmental Factors.
  • a) Climate, Mainly Temperature.
  • b) Light.
  • c) Water.
  • d) Soil, Mainly Mineral Nutrients.
  • e) Other Chemical Factors.
  • 3. Productivity and Ecosystem Research.
  • a) Photosynthesis.
  • b) Biomass and Productivity.
  • c) Litter Fall and Nutrient Cycle.
  • V. Blütenökologie..
  • 1. Allgemeines.
  • 2. Blütenbewegung und Periodizität.
  • 3. Anlockungsmittel.
  • a) Duftstoffe.
  • b) Optik und Pigmentierung.
  • c) Nektar und Nektarien.
  • d) Fettes Öl.
  • e) Pollen und Pollenausbeutung.
  • 4. Blüten-Biotypen und ihre Evolution.
  • 5. Pollination einzelner Gruppen.
  • a) Verschiedene Angiospermen.
  • b) Nutzpflanzen.
  • c) Orchideen.
  • d) Ficus.
  • 6. Bestäubung in einzelnen Biozönosen..
  • 7. Populationsgenetische Aspekte.
  • a) Pollenfluß.
  • b) Autogamie, Incompatibilität.
  • c) Diözie, Heterostylie.