Insektizide · Bakterizide · Oomyceten-Fungizide / Biochemische und biologische Methoden · Naturstoffe / Insecticides · Bactericides · Oomycete Fungicides / Biochemical and Biological Methods · Natural Products

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Biology of Pheromones.
• 1. Introduction.
• 2. Biological Function.
• 2.1. Sex Pheromones.
• 2.2. Aggregation Pheromones.
• 2.3. Inhibitors.
• 2.4. Allelochemicals.
• 2.5. Communication Systems.
• 3. Biosynthesis and Release.
• 3.1. Stimulation of Production.
• 3.2. Rhythm of Release.
• 4. Bioassay Methods.
• 4.1. Laboratory Bioassays.
• 4.2. Electrophysiology.
• 4.3. Field Bioassays.
• 5. Genetic Factors.
• 5.1. Alternative Systems.
• 5.2. Population Variations.
• 5.3. Taxonomy.
• 6. Case Histories.
• 6.1. Dendroctonus frontalis.
• 6.2. Trypodendron ( = Xyloterus) lineatum.
• 6.3. Ips typographus.
• 6.4. Lymantria ( = Porthetria).
• 7. Conclusions.
• 8. References.
• Chemistry of Insect Pheromones.
• 1. Insect Behavior Controlling Chemicals in Plant Protection.
• 2. The Chemical Structure of Pheromones.
• Chemical Structure, Occurence, and Behavioral Release of Insect Pheromones and Pheromone Analogs.
• 2.1. Sex Attractants of Female Butterflies and Moths, and Related Compounds.
• 2.2. Pheromones of Male Lepidoptera.
• 2.3. Pheromones of the Bark Beetles (Scolytidae).
• 2.4. Sex and Aggregation Pheromones of Other Beetle Families.
• 2.5. Sex and Aggregation Pheromones of Cockroaches (Blattidae, Orthoptera).
• 2.6. Alarm Substances of Ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera).
• 2.7. Trail Pheromones of Ants and Termites (Formicidae and Isoptera).
• 2.8. Sex Attractants of Flies (Diptera).
• 2.9. Aphids and Scales (Homoptera).
• 2.10. True Bugs (Heteroptera).
• 2.11. Bees, Wasps, Bumble Bees, Sawflies (Hymenoptera).
• 3. Physiological and Behavioral Activity of Pheromones.
• 3.1. Electrophysiology.
• 3.2. Structure-Activity Relationships.
• 3.3. Multicomponent Pheromone Complexes.
• 3.4. Olfactometer Experiments and Field Tests.
• 4. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Pheromones.
• 4.1. General.
• 4.2. The Bioassay.
• 4.3. Pheromone Screening.
• 4.4. Pheromone Sources.
• 4.5. Isolation of Pheromones.
• 4.6. Chromatographic Purification and Fractionation for the Identification of Pheromones.
• a) Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC).
• b) Liquid Chromatography under Normal Pressure.
• c) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
• d) Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).
• e) Gas Chromatography.
• 4.7. Identification and Structure Elucidation.
• a) Ultrared Spectroscopy.
• b) Ultraviolet Spectroscopy.
• c) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance — NMR — Spectroscopy.
• d) Mass Spectroscopy.
• e) Gas Chromatographic Techniques.
• 5. Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
• 5.1. Butterflies and Moths — Lepidoptera.
• a) Wittig Olefination and Related Methods.
• b) The “Acetylenic Approach” to Pheromone Synthesis.
• c) Reduction of Allyl Diethyl Phosphonates.
• d) Coupling Reactions with Organometallic Reagents.
• e) [3.3]-Sigmatropic Reactions.
• f) Transition Metal Catalyzed Metathesis Reaction.
• g) Electrochemical Procedures.
• h) Stereoselective Syntheses of Chiral Lepidoptera Pheromones.
• 5.2. Beetles — Coleoptera.
• a) Scolytidae — Bark Beetles.
• b) Dermestidae.
• c) Curculionidae.
• d) Bruchidae.
• 5.3. Flies — Diptera.
• 5.4. Hymenoptera.
• 5.5. Pheromones of Isoptera.
• 5.6. Synthesis of Cockroach Pheromones (Blattaria).
• 6. Acknowledgement.
• 7. References.
• Die praktische Verwendung von Insektenpheromonen.
• 1. Einleitung.
• 2. Sexuallockstoffe und Aggregationspheromone.
• 2.1 Pheromone als Indikatoren.
• 2.2. Bekämpfung von Schädlingen im Anlockverfahren.
• 2.3. Störung der chemischen Kommunikation.
• 2.4. Lockstoffe als Hilfsmittel für andere Verfahren.
• 3. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sonstiger Pheromone.
• 4. Umweltprobleme und Nebenwirkungen.
• 5. Entwicklung und Stand der Pheromon-Anwendung.
• 5.1. Forst und Gehölze.
• 5.2. Obst, Wein, Oliven.
• 5.3. Getreide.
• 5.4. Baumwolle.
• 5.5. Sonstiger Acker- und Gartenbau.
• 5.6. Vorratsschutz.
• 5.7. Hygiene, Medizin and Veterinärmedizin.
• 6. Tendenzen, Probleme, Aussichten und Grenzen.
• 7. Literatur.
• The Use of Juvenoids in Insect Pest Management.
• 2. The Role of Endogenous Juvenile Hormones.
• 3. Effects of Exogenous Application of Juvenoids.
• 3.1. Morphogenetic Effects.
• 3.2. Ovicidal Effects and Disruption of Embryogenesis.
• 3.3. Effects on the Reproductive System and Fecundity.
• 3.4. Effects on Diapause, Polymorphism, and Behaviour.
• 4. The Use of Juvenoids Against Pest Species.
• 4.1. Pests of Field Crops, Silviculture, and Horticulture.
• 4.2. Pests of Medical and Veterinary Importance.
• 4.3. Pests of Stored Products.
• 4.4. Household, Domestic, and Other Pests.
• 4.5. The Use of Juvenoids in Sericulture.
• 5. Some Factors Influencing the Practical Use of Juvenoids.
• 5.1. Choice of Target Species.
• 5.2. Metabolism, Resistance, and Synergism.
• 6. Conclusions.
• Pflanzenschutzpräparate mikrobieller Herkunft.
• 1. Einführung.
• 2. Fungizide und Bakterizide.
• 2.1. Einleitung.
• 2.2. Handelsprodukte.
• 2.3. Forschungs- und Entwicklungspräparate.
• 3. Insektizide.
• 3.1. Einleitung.
• 3.2. Handelsprodukte.
• 3.3. Forschungs- und Entwicklungspräparate.
• 4. Herbizide und Wachstumsregulatoren.
• 4.1. Einleitung.
• 4.2. Forschungs- und Entwicklungspräparate.
• Insektizide Phosphorsäureester.
• 2. Insektizide vom Typ der (Thio)Phosphorsäure-arylester.
• 3. Insektizide vom Typ der (Thio)Phosphorsäure-heteroarylester.
• 4. Insektizide vom Typ der (Thio)Phosphorsäure-thioalkylester.
• 5. Insektizide vom Typ der Enol(thio)phosphorsäureester.
• 6. Sonstige.
• Bacterial Plant Diseases and Their Control.
• 2. The Economic Importance of Bacterioses.
• 3. The Causative Agents of Bacterioses.
• 3.1. Classification and Taxonomy.
• 3.2. Bacterial Genera to which Causative Agents of Bacterioses are Assigned.
• 4. Examples of Bacterial Plant Diseases.
• 4.1. Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice.
• 4.2. Fire Blight of Pear and Apple.
• 4.3. Lethal Yellowing of Coconut Palms.
• 5. Control of Bacterial Plant Diseases.
• 5.1. Biological Aspects.
• 5.2. Chemical Control — General Considerations.
• 6. Chemistry of Bactericidal Compounds.
• 6.1. Inorganic, Nonmetallic Compounds.
• 6.2. Inorganic and Organic Metal Compounds.
• 6.2.1. Mercury Compounds.
• 6.2.2. Copper Compounds.
• 6.3. Dithiocarbonates and Dithiocarbamates.
• 6.4. Alcohols and Other Aliphatic Compounds.
• 6.5. Aromatic Compounds.
• 6.6. Heterocyclic Compounds.
• 6.6.1. Heterocyclics Containing Nitrogen.
• 6.6.2. Heterocyclics Containing Nitrogen and Sulfur.
• 6.7. Antibiotics.
• Recent Advances in the Chemical Control of Oomycetes.
• 2. Biology of Plant-Pathogenic Oomycetes.
• 2.1. Foliar Plant Diseases Caused by Oomycetes.
• 2.2. Soilborne Seedling and Root Diseases Caused by Oomycetes.
• 3. Traditional Control of Oomycetes by Nonsystemic Fungicides.
• 4. Chemistry and Biological Properties of Systemic and Specific Fungicides Against Oomycetes.
• 4.1. Earlier Fungicides with Specific Activity Against Oomycetes.
• 4.1.1. Fenaminosulf.
• 4.1.2. Etridiazole.
• 4.1.3. Chloroneb.
• 4.1.4. Hymexazol and Related Compounds.
• 4.2. Pyroxychlor and Other Pyridines.
• 4.3. Prothiocarb and Propamocarb.
• 4.4. Curzate.
• 4.5. Ethyl Phosphites.
• 4.6. Acylalanines and Related Compounds.
• 4.7. Miscellaneous New Fungicides Against Oomycetes.
• 5. Discussion of Disease Control Strategies with the New Systemic Fungicides Against Oomycetes.
• 5.1. Novel Disease Control Possibilities with Systemic Fungicides.
• 5.2. Utilization of Curative and Systemic Properties for Integrated Disease Control Strategies.
• 5.3. The Risk of Fungicide Resistance.
• 6. References.
• Benzoylphenylurea Insecticides.
• 2. Synthesis of 1-benzoyl-3-phenylureas.
• 3. Diflubenzuron, Physical/Chemical Properties and Analysis.
• 3.1. Physical and Chemical Properties.
• 3.2. Analysis.
• 4. Formulations.
• 5. Toxicology.
• 5.1. Mammalian Toxicity.
• 5.1.1. Acute Toxicity.
• 5.1.2. Sub-acute Toxicity.
• 5.1.3. Semi-chronic Toxicity.
• 5.1.4. Chronic Toxicity.
• 5.1.5. Special Studies.
• 5.2. Toxicity to Birds.
• 5.3 Toxicity to Fish.
• 6. Mode of Action.
• 6.1. Biological Aspects.
• 6.1.1. Larvicidal Effects.
• 6.1.2. Ovicidal Effects.
• 6.1.3. Effects on Adult Insects.
• 6.2. Biochemical Aspects.
• 7. Distribution and Metabolism.
• 7.1. Distribution and Degradation of Diflubenzuron in Soil and Water.
• 7.2. Plants and Other Organic Matrices.
• 7.3. Animal Metabolism.
• 7.4. Metabolism in Insects.
• 7.5. Behaviour in Ecosystems.
• 7.6. Residues.
• 7.6.1. Plant Residues.
• 7.6.2. Residues in Animal Tissues.
• 7.6.3. Residues in Mushrooms.
• 8. Fields of Application.
• 8.1. Introduction; Selectivity.
• 8.2. Agricultural Crops.
• 8.2.1. Cotton.
• 8.2.2. Soybeans.
• 8.2.3. Corn.
• 8.3. Horticultural Crops.
• 8.3.1. Fruit Crops.
• 8.3.2. Mushrooms.
• 8.3.3. Floriculture.
• 8.3.4. Cabbage.
• 8.4. Forestry and Woody Ornamentals.
• 8.5. Medical-hygienic and Veterinary Applications, Including Control of Nuisance Insects.
• 8.5.1. Mosquitoes and Midges.
• 8.5.2. Flies.
• 8.5.3. Blackflies.
• 8.5.4. Tsetse Flies.
• 8.5.5. Chewing Lice.
• 8.6. Effects on Non-targets, not Related to a Specific Field of Application.
• 8.6.1. Honey Bees.
• 8.6.2. Non-target Aquatic Organisms.
• 8.7. Nematicidal Effects.
• 9. Resistance.
• 9.1. Cross Resistance.
• 9.2. Build-up of Resistance Against Diflubenzuron.
• 10. Structure-Activity Relationship.
• 11. Experimental Products.
• 11.1. Experimental Compounds of Bayer AG.
• 11.2. Experimental Compounds of Eli Lilly.
• 11.3. Experimental Compound of Philips-Duphar.
• 12. Literature and Patents.
• Zur Problematik des biologischen Pflanzenschutzes in der Landwirtschaft.
• 1. Problemstellung und Abgrenzung.
• 2. Problemumfang.
• 3. Praktische Aussichten der biologischen Unkrautbekämpfung.
• 4. Praktische Aussichten der biologischen Bekämpfung von Schadpilzen.
• 5. Biologische Bekämpfung von Insekten und anderen tierischen Schädlingen.
• 5.1. Verschleppte Schädlinge.
• 5.2. Autochthone Schädlinge.
• 5.3. Methoden der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung.
• 5.3.1. Die Verwendung von Parasiten.
• 5.3.2. Die Verwendung von Prädatoren.
• 5.3.3. Die Verwendung von Mikroorganismen.
• 5.3.4. Autozidverfahren.
• 6. Nebenwirkungen und Gesichtspunkte der amtlichen Zulassung.
• 7. Diskussion.
• 8. Schlußbetrachtung.
• 9. Literatur.