1 General Principles of Immunology (as Related to Auto-immune Disease).- 1.1 Immunity and the Immune Response.- 1.1.1 The Role of Lymphocytes in the Immune Response.- 1.1.2 Types of Lymphocytes.- 1.1.3 Processing of Antigen.- 1.1.4 Genetic Control of the Immune Response.- 1.1.5 Significance of HLA Disease Associations.- 1.1.6 Cell Interactions and Immunoregulation.- 1.2 References.- 2 Auto-immunity in Thyroid Disease.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Studies of the Immunological Aspects of Thyroid Disease.- 2.2.1 Initial Observations.- 2.2.2 Experimental and Spontaneous Animal Models in Auto-immune Thyroid Disease.- 2.2.2.1 Experimental Auto-immune Thyroiditis.- 2.2.2.2 Spontaneous Auto-immune Thyroiditis in Animals.- 2.2.2.3 Attempts to Produce Experimental Models for Graves’ Disease.- 2.2.3 Humoral Immunity in Human Thyroid Disease.- 2.2.3.1 Thyroglobulin Antibodies.- 2.2.3.2 Antimicrosomal Antibodies.- 2.2.3.3 Antibody to a Colloid Component Other than Thyroglobulin.- 2.2.3.4 Antibodies to the Thyroid Hormones.- 2.2.3.5 Thyrotrophin (TSH) Receptor-Related Antigen and Cell Surface Antigens and Their Relationship to Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin.- 2.2.3.6 Immune Complexes, Rheumatoid Factors and Other Antibodies.- 2.2.3.7 Production of Thyroid Antibodies and Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin In Vitro.- 2.2.4 Cellular Aspects of Graves’ and Hashimoto’s Diseases.- 2.2.4.1 Thyroid Lymphocytes.- 2.2.4.2 Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.- 2.2.4.3 Cytotoxic Lymphocytes.- 2.2.4.4 Migration Inhibition Factor Procedures.- 2.2.4.5 Evidence for a Defect in Suppressor T-lymphocytes.- 2.2.4.6 Other Cellular Mechanisms.- 2.2.5 The Role of the Antigen: Is There Antigenic Stimulation?.- 2.2.6 The Genetics of Graves’ and Hashimoto’s Diseases.- 2.2.6.1 Observations in Twins.- 2.2.6.2 Age-specific Incidence Rates in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s Diseases.- 2.2.6.3 Thyroid Auto-antibodies and Chromosomal Abnormalities.- 2.2.6.4 HLA Associations.- 2.2.6.5 Studies of Relatives of Patients with Graves’ and Hashimoto’s Diseases.- 2.2.6.5 Other Auto-immune and Neoplastic Associations.- 2.2.7 Interrelationships Between Graves’ and Hashimoto’s Diseases.- 2.2.8 Relationship of Painless (“Silent”) Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroiditis to Chronic Auto-immune Thyroiditis.- 2.2.9 Auto-Immune Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy and the Neonate.- 2.2.9.1 Post-partum Auto-immune Thyroid Disease.- 2.2.9.2 Passive Transfer of Antibodies to the Foetus.- 2.2.10 The Effect of Pharmacological Agents, Thyroidectomy and Radioactive Iodine on the Immunological Stigmata of Graves’ and Hashimoto’s Diseases.- 2.2.10.1 Excessive Iodine Intake.- 2.2.10.2 Thyroid Hormone Therapy.- 2.2.10.3 Corticosteroid Therapy.- 2.2.10.4 Effects of Radioactive Iodine (131I) Therapy for Graves’ Disease.- 2.2.10.5 The Effect of Subtotal Thyroidectomy in Graves’ Disease on the Immunological Disturbance.- 2.2.10.6 Antithyroid Drug Therapy: Effects on Immune System.- 2.2.10.7 Propranolol or Other Beta Adrenergic-Blocking Agents.- 2.2.11 The Role of Stress in the Induction of Graves’ Disease.- 2.2.12 The Nature of the Remissions.- 2.2.13 The Pathogenesis of Ophthalmopathy.- 2.2.14 Pretibial Myxoedema (Localized Dermopathy).- 2.3 Summary.- 2.4 References.- 3 Auto-immunity in Diabetes Mellitus.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Genetics.- 3.3 HLA Antigens in Type I Diabetes.- 3.4 Relationship to Other Organ-specific Auto-immune Diseases.- 3.5 Immunologic Disturbances.- 3.5.1 Morphological Observations.- 3.5.2 Humoral Antibodies.- 3.5.3 Antibodies to Insulin Receptors.- 3.5.4 Evidence of Cell-mediated Immunity.- 3.5.4.1 Migration Inhibition Tests.- 3.5.4.2 Cytotoxic Assays.- 3.5.4.3 Evidence for a Defect in Immunosuppression.- 3.5.5 Animal Experiments.- 3.5.6 Insulin as an Antigen.- 3.6 The Possible Role of Viruses in the Induction of Insulinopenic Diabetes.- 3.6.1 Clinical and Pathological Evidence.- 3.6.2 Experimental Evidence.- 3.6.3 Seasonal Variation in Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus.- 3.6.4 Immune Responses to Viruses in Diabetes.- 3.7 The Role of Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.- 3.8 Immunological Aspects of Islet and Pancreas Transplantation in Diabetes.- 3.9 Summary.- 3.10 References.- 4 Auto-immunity of the Anterior Pituitary.- 4.1 References.- 5 Auto-immune Diseases of the Adrenals, Gonads and Parathyroids: Auto-immune Polyendocrine Disease.- 5.1 Addison’s Disease.- 5.2 Experimental Auto-immune Adrenalitis.- 5.3 Pathology of Idiopathic Addison’s Disease.- 5.4 Humoral Immunity in Human Addison’s Disease.- 5.5 Cell-mediated Immunity in Addison’s Disease.- 5.6 Genetic Aspects of Auto-immune Addison’s Disease.- 5.6.1 HLA Antigens Associated with Addison’s Disease.- 5.6.2 Family Studies.- 5.7 Other Organ-specific Auto-immune Diseases Associated with Idiopathic Addison’s Disease.- 5.7.1 Thyroid Disease.- 5.7.2 Ovarian Failure.- 5.7.3 Auto-immune Testicular Failure.- 5.7.4 Pernicious Anaemia.- 5.7.5 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Addison’s Disease.- 5.7.6 Hypoparathyroidism.- 5.8 Polyendocrine Auto-immune Disease.- 5.8.1 Relative Incidence of Auto-immune Disease.- 5.8.2 Mechanism of Cellular Destruction.- 5.8.3 Association with Various Non-Endocrine Auto-immune Disorders.- 5.8.4 Defect in Immunoregulation.- 5.9 Other Possible Auto-immune Endocrinopathies.- 5.10 Summary.- 5.11 References.- 6 Immunological Aspects of Male Infertility.- 6.1 References.- 7 Epilogue.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.1.1 Genetics and Epidemiology.- 7.1.2 Histocompatibility Antigens.- 7.1.3 Definition of the Role of the Antigen.- 7.1.4 T-Lymphocyte Studies.- 7.1.5 Studies of Antibodies.- 7.1.6 Non-Specific Cellular and Chemical Elements.- 7.1.7 Sex Incidence.- 7.1.8 Tolerance.- 7.1.9 Future Therapeutic Possibilities.- 7.1.10 Radio-immunoassay.
