The Paraganglia

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• A. Introduction.
• I. Alfred Kohn and the Concept of Paraganglionic Cells and Tissues.
• II. Max Watzka’s Review on Paraganglia.
• III. Notes on Terminology.
• IV. Paraganglia and the APUD Cell Concept.
• V. Paraganglia and the Concept of Paraneurons.
• B. Morphological and Histochemical Methods for the Study of Paraganglionic Cells.
• I. Fine Structural Morphology and Electron Microscopic Cytochemistry of Catecholamines.
• 1. Primary Fixation with Metal Salts.
• 2. Primary Fixation with Aldehydes.
• a) Glutaraldehyde/Dichromate.
• b) Glutaraldehyde/Osmium Tetroxide.
• 3. Uranaffin Reaction.
• 4. Staining of Ultrathin Sections.
• a) Lead Citrate.
• b) Argentaffin Reaction.
• II. Light Microscopic Methods for the Study of Paraganglionic Cells.
• 1. Chromaffin Reaction.
• 2. Argentaffin Reaction.
• 3. Iodate Oxidation.
• 4. Schmorl’s Ferric Ferricyanide Reaction.
• 5. Other Staining Methods.
• 6. Fluorescence Methods.
• a) Fixation in Aqueous Solutions.
• b) Freeze-Dried Tissue.
• c) Combination with Other Methods.
• III. Immunocytochemistry of Enzymes Involved in Catecholamine Synthesis.
• IV. Staining Methods for Proteins.
• 1. Lead Haematoxylin.
• 2. Masked Metachromasia.
• 3. Coriphosphine O.
• V. Quinacrine Fluorescence.
• C. General Morphology of Paraganglionic Cells and Tissues.
• I. The Chromaffin (Paraganglionic) Cell.
• 1. Terminology.
• 2. Cytology.
• a) Nucleus.
• b) Perikaryon and Cell Organelles.
• c) Cilia.
• d) Morphology of the Specific Granules.
• ?) Large Granules.
• ?) Small (Cored) Vesicles.
• e) Origin and Fate of Specific Granules.
• f) Shape of Paraganglionic Cells.
• g) Synaptic Connections of Paraganglionic Cells.
• ?) Efferent Synapses.
• ?) Afferent Synapses.
• ?) Reciprocal Synapses.
• ?) Inhibitory Synapses?.
• ?) Special Axon Terminals.
• h) Contact Regions Between Paraganglionic Cells.
• i) Mitoses.
• 3. Catecholamines in Paraganglionic Cells.
• a) Chromaffin Reaction.
• c) Fluorescence Histochemistry.
• d) Enzymes Synthesizing Catecholamines.
• e) Chemical Determinations.
• 4. Adenine Nucleotides of Paraganglionic Cells.
• 5. Composition of the Specific Granules.
• II. Sustentacular Cells.
• c) Shape of Sustentacular Cells.
• III. Composition of Paraganglionic Tissue.
• 1. Basal Lamina.
• 2. Vascularization.
• a) Supplying Arteries.
• b) Capillaries.
• c) Venous Drainage.
• d) Lymphatics.
• 3. Connective Tissue.
• 4. Relationship to the Perineurium of the Supporting Nerves.
• 5. Distribution of Tracer Material.
• IV. Histochemistry of Paraganglionic Tissue.
• 1. Immunocytochemistry of Enzymes Synthesizing Catecholamines.
• 2. Enzyme Histochemistry of Paraganglionic Tissue.
• 3. Chemical Measurements of Enzyme Activities and O2 Consumption.
• V. Autoradiographic Studies on Paraganglionic Cells.
• 1. Distribution of Radioactivity Derived from Labelled Precursors of Biogenic Amines.
• 2. Distribution of 3H-Leucine-Derived Radioactivity.
• 3. Distribution of 3H-ATP-Derived Radioactivity.
• 4. Distribution of 3H-Choline-Derived Radioactivity.
• IV. Hormones in Paraganglionic Cells.
• D. Description of Anatomically Defined Paraganglia.
• I. Paraganglia in Man and Mammals.
• 1. Distribution and General Considerations.
• a) Distribution and Terminology.
• b) Paraganglia as a System.
• 2. Carotid Body.
• a) Microscopic Anatomy.
• b) Cytology.
• c) Innervation of Chromaffin Cells.
• d) The Carotid Body as Chemoreceptor.
• e) Efferent Innervation.
• f) Morphological and Biochemical Findings After Stimulation of the Chemoreceptor.
• g) Secretions Other than Catecholamines in the Chromaffin Cells of the Carotid Body.
• h) The Carotid Body of the Wobbler Mutant Mouse.
• 3. Subclavian Bodies.
• c) Subclavian Bodies as Chemoreceptors.
• 4. Aorticopulmonary Bodies.
• a) Microscopic Anatomy and Cytology.
• b) Aorticopulmonary Bodies as Chemoreceptors.
• 5. Tympanojugular Glomera.
• b) Functional Significance.
• 6. Vagal (Intravagal) and Juxtavagal Paraganglia.
• 7. Laryngeal Paraganglia.
• 8. Zuckerkandl’s Organ.
• 9. Retroperitoneal Paraganglia.
• 10. Paraganglia Related to Pelvic Viscera.
• 11. Peribronchial Microparaganglia.
• 12. Cardiac Paraganglia.
• II. Development of Paraganglionic Tissue.
• 1. Cytodifferentiation.
• 2. Development of the Carotid Body.
• 3. Development of Subclavian Bodies.
• 4. Development of Aorticopulmonary Bodies.
• 5. Development of Tympanojugular Glomera.
• 6. Development of Vagal Paraganglia.
• 7. Development of Retroperitoneal Paraganglia.
• III. Postnatal Fate of Extra-Adrenal Paraganglionic Tissue.
• IV. Comparative Anatomy of Paraganglia in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates.
• 1. Cyclostomes and Fish.
• 2. Amphibians.
• 3. Reptiles.
• 4. Birds.
• 5. Small Granule-Containing Cells (SGC Cells) in the Mammalian Adrenomedullary Tissue.
• E. Paraganglionic Cells in Sympathetic Ganglia (SIF Cells, SGC Cells).
• I. Introduction.
• II. Morphology.
• III. Functional Considerations.
• F. Paraganglionic Cells Under Experimental Conditions.
• I. Tissue Culture.
• 1. Methods and Control Preparations.
• 2. Effects of Corticosteroids and Drugs on Cultured SIF Cells.
• 3. Effect of Varying Concentrations of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide on Cultured Chromaffin Cells of the Carotid Body.
• II. Transplantation of Paraganglionic Cells.
• IV. In Vivo Effects of Hormones and Drugs.
• 1. Corticosteroids.
• a) SIF Cells (SGC Cells).
• b) Paraganglia.
• 2. Neurotoxins (False Transmitters).
• 3. Drugs Which Influence Catecholamine Turnover.
• 4. Stimulation of Secretion.
• 5. Miscellaneous Compounds and Experimental Designs.
• IV. Hypoxia.
• G. Pathology.
• Appendix 1: A. Kohn, 1867–1959 Life History and His Papers on Paraganglia.
• Appendix 2: G. Muratori, 1909–1971 Life History and His Papers on Paraganglia.
• References.
• Author Index.