The Collagens: Biochemistry and Pathophysiology

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Introduction: Historical Outline.
• 2 Structure, Heterogeneity, and Distribution.
• 2.1 Basic Nomenclature.
• 2.2 Triple-Chain Helical Structure.
• 2.3 Distribution.
• 2.4 Classification and General Structural Features of the Collagens.
• 2.5 Type I, Type II, Type III Collagens, and Type I-Trimer Collagen.
• 2.6 Type IV Collagen.
• 2.7 Type V Collagen.
• 2.8 Type VI Collagen.
• 2.9 Type VII Collagen.
• 2.10 Type VIII Collagen.
• 2.11 Type IX Collagen.
• 2.12 Type X Collagen.
• 2.13 Type XI Collagen.
• 2.14 Type XII Collagen.
• 2.15 Type XIII Collagen.
• 2.16 Proteins Containing a Collagenlike Sequence.
• 2.16.1 Acetylcholinesterase.
• 2.16.2 Mammalian Lectins.
• 2.16.2.1 Complement Component C1q.
• 2.16.2.2 Conglutinin.
• 2.16.2.3 Mannan-Binding Protein.
• 2.16.2.4 Lung Surfactant Protein.
• 3 Biosynthesis of Collagen.
• 3.1 Introduction.
• 3.2 Procollagen Genes.
• 3.3 Cleavage of the Signal Peptide.
• 3.4 Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Residues.
• 3.5 Glycosylation of Hydroxylysine Residues.
• 3.6 Glycosylation of Asparagine Residues.
• 3.7 Chain Association, Disulfide Bonding, and Formation of the Helical Structure.
• 3.8 Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen.
• 3.9 Formation of the Supramolecular Structures.
• 3.10 Cross-Linking of Collagen.
• 3.11 Interaction of Collagen with Components of the Extracellular Matrix.
• 3.11.1 General Remarks.
• 3.11.2 Collagen-Proteoglycan Interactions.
• 3.11.3 Structural Glycoproteins.
• 3.11.3.1 Fibronectin.
• 3.11.3.2 Laminin.
• 3.11.3.3 Entactin and Nitogen.
• 3.11.3.4 Chondrionectin.
• 3.11.3.5 Fibromodulin.
• 4 Degradation.
• 4.1 Introduction.
• 4.2 General Pathways of Collagen Degradation.
• 4.3 Depolymerization.
• 4.4 Tissue Collagenases.
• 4.5 Collagenolytic Cathepsins.
• 4.6 Gelatinases and Collagen Peptidase.
• 4.7 Collagenolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin.
• 5 Turnover and Regulation of Collagen Metabolism.
• 5.1 Introduction.
• 5.2 Transcriptional and Translational Control of Collagen Synthesis.
• 5.3 Regulation of Collagen Synthesis at the Intracellular Posttranslational Level.
• 5.4 Intracellular Degradation of Procollagen.
• 5.5 Feedback Inhibition of Biosynthesis of Collagen by Aminoterminal Propeptides.
• 5.6 Role of the Free Proline Pool in the Regulation of Collagen Synthesis.
• 5.7 Turnover of Collagen.
• 6 Collagen in Development, Aging, and Phylogeny.
• 6.1 Collagen and Development.
• 6.2 Collagen and Aging.
• 6.3 Phylogenetic Aspects of Collagen.
• 6.3.1 Collagen and Animal Phylogeny.
• 6.3.2 Plants and Unicellular Organisms.
• 6.3.3 Porifera.
• 6.3.4 Coelenterata.
• 6.3.5 Platyhelmintha.
• 6.3.6 Aschelminthes.
• 6.3.7 Annelida.
• 6.3.8 Arthropoda.
• 6.3.9 Mollusca.
• 6.3.10 Echinodermata.
• 6.3.11 Chordata.
• 7 Hormonal Regulation of Collagen Metabolism.
• 7.1 Introduction.
• 7.2 Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and Thyrotropic Hormone.
• 7.3 Glucocorticoids.
• 7.4 Growth Hormone.
• 7.5 Insulin and Glucagon.
• 7.6 Prolactin.
• 7.7 Histamine.
• 8 Immunobiology of Collagen.
• 8.1 Introduction.
• 8.2 Antigenicity of Collagen and Procollagen.
• 8.3 Immune Response to Collagens and Procollagens.
• 8.4 Effect of Cytokines on Collagen Metabolism.
• 9 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen.
• 9.1 Introduction.
• 9.2 The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.
• 9.3 The Marfan Syndrome.
• 9.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta.
• 9.4.1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I.
• 9.4.2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II.
• 9.4.3 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III.
• 9.4.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV.
• 9.5 Epidermolysis Bullosa.
• 9.6 Chondrodysplasias.
• 9.7 Congenital Dislocation of the Hip.
• 9.8 The Nail-Patella Syndrome.
• 9.9 Hereditary Progressive Glomerulopathy (Alport’s Syndrome).
• 9.10 Homocystinuria.
• 9.11 Alkaptonuria.
• 9.12 Aspartylglycosaminuria.
• 9.13 Familial Cutaneous Collagenoma.
• 9.14 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia.
• 9.15 Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae.
• 9.16 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.
• 9.17 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen Metabolism in Animals.
• 10 Collagen Diseases.
• 10.1 Introduction.
• 10.2 Scleroderma and Related Conditions.
• 10.3 Other Collagen Diseases.
• 10.4 Drug-Induced Lupus-Like Syndrome.
• 11 Musculoskeletal System.
• 11.1 Introduction.
• 11.2 Bone.
• 11.2.1 Structure and Function.
• 11.2.2 Collagen in Bone.
• 11.2.3 Collagen in Pathology of Bone.
• 11.2.3.1 Disturbed Regulation of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism.
• 11.2.3.2 Osteoporosis.
• 11.2.3.3 Paget’s Disease.
• 11.3 Cartilage.
• 11.3.1 Structure and Function.
• 11.3.2 Collagens of the Cartilage.
• 11.4 Intervertebral Disc.
• 11.4.1 Structure and Function.
• 11.4.2 Collagen in the Intervertebral Disc.
• 11.4.3 Collagen in Pathology of the Intervertebral Disc.
• 11.4.3.1 Age-Related Degeneration.
• 11.4.3.2 Chemonucleolysis.
• 11.4.3.3 Scoliosis.
• 11.5 Tendons and Related Structures.
• 11.5.1 Structure and Function.
• 11.5.2 Collagen in Tendinous Pathology.
• 11.5.2.1 Dupuytren’s Contracture.
• 11.5.2.2 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
• 11.6 Joints.
• 11.6.1 Role of Collagen in the Structure and Function.
• 11.7 Skeletal Muscle.
• 11.7.1 Role of Collagen in the Structure and Function.
• 11.7.2 Collagen in the Pathology.
• 11.8 Collagen in Rheumatic Disorders.
• 11.8.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis.
• 11.8.2 Osteoarthrosis.
• 11.8.3 Animal Models of Rheumatic Disorders.
• 12 Cardiovascular System.
• 12.1 Introduction.
• 12.2 The Heart.
• 12.2.1 General Structural Features.
• 12.2.2 Collagen in the Normal Heart Muscle.
• 12.2.3 Collagen in Myocardial Hypertrophy.
• 12.2.4 Collagen in Myocardial Infarction.
• 12.2.5 Collagen in the Valves in Health and Disease.
• 12.3 Vessels.
• 12.3.1 General Characteristics.
• 12.3.2 Collagen in the Normal Vessel Wall.
• 12.3.3 Atherosclerosis.
• 12.3.4 Hypertension.
• 13 Respiratory System.
• 13.1 General Structural Features.
• 13.2 Collagen Content in the Lungs.
• 13.3 Cells Involved in Collagen Production.
• 13.4 Collagen and Lung Disease.
• 13.4.1 Introduction.
• 13.4.2 Fibrotic Lung Disorders.
• 13.4.3 Destructive Lung Disorders.
• 14 The Liver.
• 14.1 Introduction.
• 14.2 Collagen Content in the Liver.
• 14.3 Collagen Synthesizing Cells.
• 14.4 Fibrosis as a Response of the Liver Bioecosystem.
• 14.5 Collagen Content in the Fibrotic Liver.
• 14.6 Metabolism of Collagen in the Liver.
• 14.7 Regulation of Collagen Metabolism and Development of Fibrosis.
• 14.8 Collagen in Liver Regeneration.
• 14.9 Collagen Metabolism in Diseases of the Bile Ducts.
• 14.10 Indices of Collagen Metabolism in Hepatic Disorders.
• 15 The Teeth and Periodontal Tissues.
• 15.1 Structure and Collagen Content in Normal Teeth.
• 15.1.1 Dentin.
• 15.1.2 Cementum.
• 15.1.3 Enamel.
• 15.1.4 Dental Pulp.
• 15.1.5 Periodontium.
• 15.2 The Role of Collagen in Development of Teeth.
• 15.3 Collagen and Dental and Periodontal Pathology.
• 15.3.1 Periodontal Disease.
• 15.3.2 Hydantoin-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia.
• 16 The Skin and Wound Healing.
• 16.1 Collagen in the Skin.
• 16.2 Collagen in Cutaneous Diseases.
• 16.3 Collagen in Keloids.
• 16.4 Wound Healing.
• 17 The Eye and The Ear.
• 17.1 The Eye.
• 17.1.1 General Structural Features.
• 17.1.2 The Cornea and the Sclera.
• 17.1.3 The Uvea.
• 17.1.4 The Lens.
• 17.1.5 The Vitreous Body.
• 17.1.6 The Retina.
• 17.1.7 Collagen in Ocular Pathology.
• 17.2 The Ear.
• 18 Urinary and Reproductive Systems.
• 18.1 Introduction.
• 18.2 The Urinary System.
• 18.3 The Ovary.
• 18.4 The Uterus and Pregnancy.
• 18.5 Placenta.
• 19 Collagen in the Nervous System.
• 20 Collagen in Hematology.
• 20.1 Collagen and Hematostasis.
• 20.2 Collagen in the Bone Marrow.
• 20.3 Collagen in the Lymph Nodes.
• 21 Collagen and Neoplasia.
• 21.1 Introduction.
• 21.2 Collagen in the Stroma of Neoplasms.
• 21.3 Collagenolysis and Tumor Invasion.
• 22 Effect of Nutrition.
• 22.1 Malnutrition and Overnutrition.
• 22.2 Scurvy.
• 23 Effect of Ionizing Radiation.
• 24 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Metabolism.
• 24.1 Introduction.
• 24.2 Direct Inhibitors of Collagen Synthesis.
• 24.2.1 Pharmacological Control of Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Residues.
• 24.2.1.1 Structural Analogues of Proline.
• 24.2.1.2 Cosubstrates and Cofactors of Hydroxylation.
• 24.2.1.3 Fibrostatins.
• 24.2.2 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Secretion.
• 24.2.3 Pharmacological Control of the Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen.
• 24.2.4 Pharmacological Control of Extracellular Processing of Collagen.
• 24.2.4.1 Lathyrism.
• 24.2.4.2 Penicillamine.
• 24 2 4 3 Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase with Respect to Pyridoxal.
• 24.2.5 Antifibroblast Serum.
• 24.3 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Degradation.
• 24.3.1 Induction of Collagenolysis.
• 24.3.2 Inhibitors of Collagenase Secretion.
• 24.3.3 Inhibitors of Mammalian Collagenases.
• 24.4 Drugs That Indirectly Affect Collagen Metabolism.
• 24.4.1 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.
• 24.4.2 Tissue Extracts.
• 24.4.3 Heavy Metals.
• 24.4.4 Fluoride.
• 24.4.5 Cytostatic Drugs.
• 24.4.6 Immunomodulants.
• 24.4.7 Antibiotics.
• 25 Indices of Collagen Metabolism in Clinical Practice.
• References.