Mechanisms of Systemic Regulation

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Gas Exchange and Regulation of Respiration.
• 1 The Regulation of Cutaneous Gas Exchange.
• 1 Why Study Cutaneous Gas Exchange?.
• 2 Major Themes.
• 3 Relative Importance of Diffusion and Perfusion in Regulating Cutaneous Gas Exchange.
• 4 Importance of Ventilating the Skin in Regulating Cutaneous Gas Exchange in Water.
• 5 Conclusions and Future Directions.
• References.
• 2 The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in Aquatic Gas Exchange.
• 1 Introduction.
• 2 Biochemical Properties.
• 3 Gas Transfer.
• 4 Concluding Remarks.
• 3 Gas Exchange in the Fish Swimbladder.
• 2 Swimbladder Architecture.
• 3 Swimbladder Gas.
• 4 Mechanisms for Deposition of Gas: The Classical Model.
• 5 Recent Additions to the Classical Model.
• 6 Regulation in the Swimbladder.
• 7 Open Questions.
• 4 Regulation of Respiration in Lower Vertebrates: Role of CO2/pH Chemoreceptors.
• 2 Fish.
• 3 Amphibians and Reptiles.
• 4 Conclusions.
• Blood Gas Transport.
• 5 Adrenergic Control of Red Cell pH, Organic Phosphate Concentrations and Haemoglobin Function in Teleost Fish.
• 2 Production of ATP and GTP.
• 3 Control of Red Cell pH in the Absence of Significant Secondarily Active Transport of Acid-Base Relevant Ions.
• 4 Stimulation of the Sodium/Proton Exchanger by Catecholamines and Its Effects on Red Cell pH.
• 5 Effects of Catecholamines on Red Cell Organic Phosphate Concentrations.
• 6 In Vivo Regulation of Haemoglobin Function by Catecholamines.
• 7 Summary.
• Central Vascular Circulation.
• 6 Mechanisms of Intracardiac Shunting in Reptiles: Pressure vs Washout Shunting.
• 2 Reptilian Cardiovascular Anatomy.
• 3 Intracardiac Shunts.
• 4 Mechanism of Intracardiac Shunting.
• 5 Regulation of Washout Shunting.
• 7 Central Cardiovascular Dynamics in Reptiles.
• 2 Chelonians and Nonvaranid Squamates.
• 3 Varanids.
• 4 Crocodilians.
• 5 Concluding Remarks.
• 8 Central Cardiovascular Function in Amphibians: Qualitative Influences of Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Season.
• 2 Phylogeny and Central Cardiovascular Function.
• 3 Development of Cardiovascular Function.
• 3 Seasonal Influences on Cardiovascular Function.
• 5 Conclusions and Guiding Principles for Future Studies.
• Veno-Lymphatic System.
• 9 The Role of the Lymphatic System for Water Balance and Acid-Base Regulation in the Amphibia.
• 1 Historical Perspective.
• 2 Structure of the Lymphatics.
• 3 Lymph Production and Flow.
• 4 Lymph Heart Rate and Pressure.
• 5 The Lymphatics and Acid-Base Regulation.
• 6 General Conclusions.
• 10 Physiological Roles of the Secondary Circulatory System in Fish.
• 2 The Central Venous Sinus (CVS) in the Gill.
• 3 Secondary Circulatory System of the Body.