Vibration Problems in Structures

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Vibrations induced by people.
• 1.1 Pedestrian bridges.
• 1.1.1 Problem description.
• 1.1.2 Dynamic actions.
• 1.1.3 Structural criteria.
• a) Natural frequencies.
• b) Damping.
• c) Stiffness.
• 1.1.4 Effects.
• 1.1.5 Tolerable values.
• 1.1.6 Simple design rules.
• a) Tuning method.
• b) Code method.
• c) Calculation of upper bound response for one pedestrian.
• d) Effects of several pedestrians.
• 1.1.7 More advanced design rules.
• 1.1.8 Remedial measures.
• a) Stiffening.
• b) Increased damping.
• c) Vibration absorbers.
• 1.2 Floors with walking people.
• 1.2.1 Problem description.
• 1.2.2 Dynamic actions.
• 1.2.3 Structural criteria.
• 1.2.4 Effects.
• 1.2.5 Tolerable values.
• 1.2.6 Simple design rules.
• a) High tuning method.
• b) Heel impact method.
• 1.2.7 More advanced design rules.
• 1.2.8 Remedial measures.
• a) Shift of the natural frequency.
• b) Non-structural elements.
• 1.3 Floors for sport or dance activities.
• 1.3.1 Problem description.
• 1.3.2 Dynamic actions.
• 1.3.3 Structural criteria.
• 1.3.4 Effects.
• 1.3.5 Tolerable values.
• 1.3.6 Simple design rules.
• 1.3.7 More advanced design rules.
• 1.3.8 Remedial measures.
• a) Raising the natural frequency by means of added stiffness.
• b) Increasing structural damping.
• c) Use of vibration absorbers.
• 1.4 Floors with fixed seating and spectator galleries.
• 1.4.1 Problem description.
• 1.4.2 Dynamic actions.
• 1.4.3 Structural criteria.
• 1.4.4 Effects.
• 1.4.5 Tolerable values.
• 1.4.6 Simple design rules.
• 1.4.7 More advanced design rules.
• 1.4.8 Remedial measures.
• 1.5 High-diving platforms.
• 1.5.1 Problem description.
• 1.5.2 Dynamic actions.
• 1.5.3 Structural criteria.
• 1.5.4 Effects.
• 1.5.5 Tolerable values.
• 1.5.6 Simple design rules.
• a) Stiffness criteria.
• b) Frequency criteria.
• 1.5.7 More advanced design rules.
• 1.5.8 Remedial measures.
• References to Chapter 1.
• 2 Machinery-induced vibrations.
• 2.1 Machine foundations and supports.
• 2.1.1 Problem description.
• 2.1.2 Dynamic actions.
• a) Causes.
• b) Periodic excitation.
• c) Transient excitation.
• d) Stochastic excitation.
• 2.1.3 Structural criteria.
• 2.1.4 Effects.
• a) Effects on structures.
• b) Effects on people.
• c) Effects on machinery and installations.
• d) Effects due to structure-borne sound.
• 2.1.5 Tolerable values.
• a) General Aspects.
• b) Structural criteria.
• c) Physiological criteria.
• d) Production-quality criteria.
• e) Tolerable values relative to structure-borne sound.
• 2.1.6 Simple design rules.
• a) General.
• b) Data desirable for the design of machine supports.
• c) Measures for rotating or oscillating machines.
• d) Measures for machines with impacting parts.
• e) Rules for detailing and construction.
• 2.1.7 More advanced design rules.
• 2.1.8 Remedial measures.
• 2.2 Bell towers.
• 2.2.1 Problem description.
• 2.2.2 Dynamic actions.
• 2.2.3 Structural criteria.
• 2.2.4 Effects.
• 2.2.5 Tolerable values.
• 2.2.6 Simple design rules.
• 2.2.7 More advanced design rules.
• 2.2.8 Remedial measures.
• 2.3 Structure-borne sound.
• 2.3.1 Problem description.
• 2.3.2 Dynamic actions.
• 2.3.3 Structural criteria.
• 2.3.4 Effects.
• 2.3.5 Tolerable values.
• 2.3.6 Simple design rules.
• a) Influencing the initiation.
• b) Influencing the transmission.
• 2.3.7 More advanced design rules.
• 2.3.8 Remedial measures.
• 2.4 Ground-transmitted vibrations.
• 2.4.1 Problem description.
• 2.4.2 Dynamic actions.
• 2.4.3 Structural criteria.
• 2.4.4 Effects.
• 2.4.5 Tolerable values.
• 2.4.6 Simple design rules.
• a) Emission.
• b) Transmission.
• c) Immission.
• 2.4.7 More advanced design rules.
• 2.4.8 Remedial measures.
• References to Chapter 2.
• 3 Wind-induced vibrations.
• 3.1 Buildings.
• 3.1.1 Problem description.
• 3.1.2 Dynamic actions.
• 3.1.3 Structural criteria.
• 3.1.4 Effects.
• 3.1.5 Tolerable values.
• 3.1.6 Simple design rules.
• 3.1.7 More advanced design rules.
• 3.1.8 Remedial measures.
• a) Installation of damping elements.
• b) Vibration absorbers.
• 3.2 Towers.
• 3.2.1 Problem description.
• 3.2.2 Dynamic actions.
• 3.2.3 Structural criteria.
• 3.2.4 Effects.
• 3.2.5 Tolerable values.
• 3.2.6 Simple design rules.
• 3.2.7 More advanced design rules.
• 3.2.8 Remedial measures.
• 3.3 Chimneys and Masts.
• 3.3.1 Problem description.
• 3.3.2 Dynamic actions.
• 3.3.3 Structural criteria.
• 3.3.4 Effects.
• 3.3.5 Tolerable values.
• 3.3.6 Simple design rules.
• 3.3.7 More advanced design rules.
• 3.3.8 Remedial measures.
• 3.4 Guyed Masts.
• 3.4.1 Problem description.
• 3.4.2 Dynamic actions.
• 3.4.3 Structural criteria.
• 3.4.4 Effects.
• 3.4.5 Tolerable values.
• 3.4.6 Simple design rules.
• 3.4.7 More advanced design rules.
• 3.4.8 Remedial measures.
• 3.5 Pylons.
• 3.5.1 Problem description.
• 3.5.2 Dynamic actions.
• 3.5.3 Structural criteria.
• 3.5.4 Effects.
• 3.5.5 Tolerable values.
• 3.5.6 Simple design rules.
• 3.5.7 More advanced design rules.
• 3.5.8 Remedial measures.
• 3.6 Suspension and Cable-Stayed Bridges.
• 3.6.1 Problem description.
• 3.6.2 Dynamic actions.
• 3.6.3 Structural criteria.
• 3.6.4 Effects.
• 3.6.5 Tolerable values.
• 3.6.6 Simple design rules.
• 3.6.7 More advanced design rules.
• 3.6.8 Remedial measures.
• 3.7 Cantilevered Roofs.
• 3.7.1 Problem description.
• 3.7.2 Dynamic actions.
• 3.7.3 Structural criteria.
• 3.7.4 Effects.
• 3.7.5 Tolerable values.
• 3.7.6 Simple design rules.
• 3.7.7 More advanced design rules.
• 3.7.8 Remedial measures.
• References to Chapter 3.
• 4 Vibrations induced by traffic and construction activity.
• 4.1 Roads.
• 4.1.1 Problem description.
• 4.1.2 Dynamic actions.
• 4.1.3 Structural criteria.
• 4.1.4 Effects.
• 4.1.5 Tolerable values.
• 4.1.6 Simple design rules.
• 4.1.7 More advanced design rules.
• 4.1.8 Remedial measures.
• 4.2 Railways.
• 4.2.1 Problem description.
• 4.2.2 Dynamic actions.
• 4.2.3 Structural criteria.
• 4.2.4 Effects.
• 4.2.5 Tolerable values.
• 4.2.6 Simple design rules.
• a) General aspects.
• b) Measures against increased vibration level.
• 4.2.7 More advanced design rules.
• 4.2.8 Remedial measures.
• 4.3 Bridges.
• 4.3.1 Problem description.
• 4.3.2 Dynamic actions.
• 4.3.3 Structural criteria.
• 4.3.4 Effects.
• 4.3.5 Tolerable values.
• 4.3.6 Simple design rules.
• 4.3.7 More advanced design rules.
• 4.3.8 Remedial measures.
• 4.4 Construction Work.
• 4.4.1 Problem description.
• 4.4.2 Dynamic actions.
• 4.4.3 Structural criteria.
• 4.4.4 Effects.
• 4.4.5 Tolerable values.
• 4.4.6 Simple rules.
• a) Vehicles on construction sites.
• b) Piling, sheet piling.
• c) Vibratory compaction.
• d) Dynamic consolidation.
• e) Excavation.
• f) Blasting.
• 4.4.7 More advanced measures.
• 4.4.8 Remedial measures.
• References to Chapter 4.
• A Basic vibration theory and its application to beams and plates.
• A.1 Free vibration.
• A.2 Forced vibration.
• A.3 Harmonic excitation.
• A.4 Periodic excitation.
• A.4.1 Fourier analysis of the forcing function.
• A.4.2 How the Fourier decomposition works.
• A.4.3 The Fourier Transform.
• A.5 Tuning of a structure.
• A.6 Impedance.
• A.7 Vibration Isolation (Transmissibility).
• A.8 Continuous systems and their equivalent SDOF systems.
• B Decibel Scales.
• B.1 Sound pressure level.
• B.2 Weighting of the sound pressure level.
• C Damping.
• C.1 Introduction.
• C.2 Damping Quantities (Definitions, Interpretations).
• C.3 Measurement of damping properties of structures.
• C.3.1 Decay curve method.
• C.3.2 Bandwidth method.
• C.3.3 Conclusions.
• C.4 Damping mechanisms in reinforced concrete.
• C.5 Overall damping of a structure.
• C.5.1 Damping of the bare structure.
• C.5.2 Damping by non-structural elements.
• C.5.3 Damping by energy radiation to the soil.
• C.5.4 Overall damping.
• D Tuned vibration absorbers.
• D.1 Definition.
• D.2 Modelling and differential equations of motion.
• D.3 Optimum tuning and optimum damping of the absorber.
• D.4 Practical hints.
• E Wave Propagation.
• E.1 Introduction.
• E.2 Wave types and propagation velocities.
• E.3 Attenuation laws.
• F Behaviour of concrete and steel under dynamic actions.
• F.1 Introduction.
• F.2 Behaviour of concrete.
• F.2.1 Modulus of elasticity.
• F.2.2 Compressive strength.
• F.2.3 Ultimate strain in compression.
• F.2.4 Tensile strength.
• F.2.5 Ultimate strain in tension.
• F.2.6 Bond between reinforcing steel and concrete.
• F.3 Behaviour of reinforcing steel.
• F.3.1 Modulus of Elasticity.
• F.3.2 Strength in Tension.
• F.3.3 Strain in tension.
• G Dynamic forces from rhythmical human body motions.
• G.1 Rhythmical human body motions.
• G.2 Representative types of activity.
• G.3 Normalised dynamic forces.
• H Dynamic effects from wind.
• H.1 Basic theory.
• H. l.1 Wind speed and pressure.
• H. l.2 Statistical characteristics.
• a) Gust spectrum.
• b) Aerodynamic admittance function.
• c) Spectral density of the wind force.
• H.1.3 Dynamic effects.
• H.2 Vibrations in along-wind direction induced by gusts.
• H.2.1 Spectral methods.
• a) Mechanical amplification function.
• b) Spectral density of the system response.
• H.2.2 Static equivalent force method based on stochastic loading.
• H.2.3 Static equivalent force method based on deterministic loading.
• H.2.4 Remedial measures.
• H.3 Vibrations in along-wind direction induced by buffeting.
• H.4 Vibrations in across-wind direction induced by vortex-shedding.
• H.4.1 Single structures.
• H.4.2 Several structures one behind another.
• H.4.3 Conical structures.
• H.4.4 Vibrations of shells.
• H.5 Vibrations in across-wind direction: Galloping.
• H.6 Vibrations in across-wind direction: flutter.
• H.7 Damping of high and slender RC structures subjected to wind.
• I Human response to vibrations.
• I.1 Introduction.
• I.2 Codes of practice.
• I.2.1 ISO 2631.
• I.2.2 DIN 4150/2.
• J Building response to vibrations.
• J.1 General.
• J.2 Examples of recommended limit values.
• References to the Appendices.
• List of Codes and Standards.