Cyber-Physical System Based Method for Smart Construction Site Monitoring

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. MOTIVATION 3
1.2. OBJECTIVES 4
1.3. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 5
1.4. METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUES 7
1.5. WORK ORGANIZATION 8
2. ROLE OF INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION AND CONNECTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION 10
2.1. INTRODUCTION 11
2.2. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION FLOW ON SITE 11
2.3. INNOVATIONS FOR INDUSTRIALIZED CONSTRUCTION ON-SITE 12
2.4. CONNECTIVITY FOR SMART BUILT ENVIRONMENTS 13
2.5. DATA TYPES OF THE SYSTEM 15
2.6. DIGITAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 15
2.6.1. Building Information Modeling “BIM” 15
2.6.2. BIM Maturity Models and Digital Twins 18
2.6.3. BIM and Geospatial Information Interoperability 19
2.7. INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS FOR CONSTRUCTION LOGISTICS 20
2.7.1. Cyber-Physical Systems in Construction Processes 21
2.7.2. Construction Process Characteristics 22
2.8. COLLABORATION OF CPS AND BUSINESS PROCESS MODELING 23
2.9. CPS RECIPE FOR CONSTRUCTION PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL 25
2.9.1. Integration of Process Model and Product for Monitoring 25
2.9.2. Process Control Based on Configuration Templates 26
2.9.3. Real Time Process Simulation 28
2.9.4. Reference Process Model, RPM 29
3. CONNECTIVITY SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION SITES 30
3.1. CONNECTIVITY SOLUTIONS 31
3.2. AUTO-ID TECHNOLOGY 32
3.3. RFID FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLICATIONS 32
3.4. RFID SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND STANDARD 33
3.5. POSITION SYSTEM AND RFID TAGS LOCALIZATION APPROACH 35
3.6. AUTO-IDS TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATIONS AREAS IN CONSTRUCTION 36
3.6.1. Construction Logistics and Supply Chain Management 37
3.6.2. Project Progress Tracking 37
3.6.3. Safety and Security 38
3.6.4. Quality Management and Inspection 39
3.6.5. Documentation Management 39
3.7. BARRIERS AND REVIEW OF AUTO-ID SOLUTIONS 40
4. CONNECTED DIGITAL TWIN FRAMEWORK APPROACH BASED ON A CYBER-PHYSICAL OBJECT CONCEPT. 42
4.1. INTRODUCTION 44
4.2. A FRAMEWORK FOR CYBER-PHYSICAL INTEGRATION 45
4.2.1. Cyber Construction “Digital Twin” 46
4.2.2. Physical Construction Components, “Physical Twins” 47
4.2.3. Data Management of the Framework 48
4.2.4. Process Management Services 49
4.3. LEVELS OF INTEGRATION FOR A CONSISTENT CPS 49
4.4. CYBER-PHYSICAL OBJECTS, CPOS 51
4.4.1. Level of Digitalization and CPO Process Map 53
4.4.2. CPO Tracking Model for Construction Site Logistics 54
4.4.3. Integrating CPOs in Process Models 56
4.5. SUMMARY 59
5. CYBER CONSTRUCTION MODELS: DIGITAL TWINS 60
5.1. INTRODUCTION 61
5.2. CYBER-PHYSICAL PRODUCT LINK ESTABLISHMENT 61
5.2.1. Challenge of Linking RFID into IFC 62
5.2.2. Model Data Enrichment 63
5.3. VIRTUAL-EQUIVALENT MODELS, DIGITAL TWINS 63
5.3.1. Classification and Grouped Objects 64
5.3.2. IFC Model Filtering 67
5.4. BIM ANNOTATION METHODS 69
5.5. DATA ENRICHMENT WORKFLOW 71
5.5.1. Case Example for Data Enrichment of BIM Models 72
5.6. CONCLUSION 75
6. CONTEXT-AWARE CONSTRUCTION SITES 76
6.1. DEFINITION OF CONSTRUCTION SITE 77
6.2. LAYERS MODEL APPROACH 77
6.3. GEOSITE MODEL 79
6.4. SEMANTIC DATA DISCOVERY IN THE GEOSITE 81
6.5. DESIGNATION OF CONSTRUCTION SITE MODEL 82
6.5.1. Construction Site-Layout Filtering 86
6.5.2. Geometry Transformation 89
6.5.3. Site Semantic Database 91
6.5.4. GeoSite System Architecture 93
6.6. CONCLUSION 94
7. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DATA FUSION 96
7.1. NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ON-SITE TRACKING SCENARIO 97
7.2. SENSING DATA TYPE 98
7.3. MAPPING OF GEOSITE AND NETWORK LAYER 101
7.4. OBJECT STATUS INDICATOR AND SPATIAL-TEMPORAL EVENTS 103
7.4.1. Object Status and Activity Identification 103
7.4.2. Objects Status-based Events Notification Modeling 106
7.4.3. Status Simulation 108
7.5. CPO EVENTS INTEGRATION AND TASK SYNCHRONIZATION 109
7.6. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 113
8. APPLICATION OF CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS MONITORING, PLANNING AND CONTROL 115
8.1. USE CASE RISK MANAGEMENT 116
8.2. REVIEW OF DYNAMIC PROCESSES PLANNING AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION 117
8.2.1. Process Modeling Techniques 117
8.2.2. Flexible Process Modeling for Alternative Planning 118
8.2.3. Project Risks Identification and Assessment 119
8.3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING AND CONTROL FOR RISK MANAGEMENT 120
8.4. THE REAL-TIME MONITORING OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES 121
8.5. EXTRACT PROCESS PROGRESSES BASED ON IFC STANDARD 122
8.6. PRINCIPLE OF TARGET-ACTUAL PERFORMANCES COMPARISON 127
8.6.1. Deviations from a Project Schedule 127
8.6.2. Outputs Classifications 128
8.7. KNOWLEDGE BASED CPS FOR PROCESS CONFIGURATION 129
8.7.1. Process Configuration Service 130
8.7.2. Risk Model 131
8.8. CONCLUSION 131
9. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 132
9.1. CONCLUSION 133
9.2. LIMITATIONS AND BARRIERS OF CPS ADOPTION 135
9.3. OUTLOOK AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 136
10. REFERENCES 138