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![]( "Buchcover ISBN 9783896467652")
Wasserkünste, Hangkanäle und Staudämme im Mittelalter
Eine archäologische Untersuchung zum Wasserbau am Beispiel des Urgrabens am Kandel im mittleren Schwarzwald
von Andreas Haasis-BernerAusgangspunkt für die Untersuchung eines Aspektes des mittelalterlichen Wasserbaus ist Europas ältester und mit 15 km längster Hangkanal, der sogenannte „Urgraben„ mit zwei Verteilerbecken und einem Wassertunnel am Kandel, der nach Urkunden 1284 von Cunrat Rotermellin gebaut wurde und eine Wasserkunst in einem Bergwerk versorgte. Dabei kam vermutlich eine Eimerkette zum Einsatz, weil Heinzenkünste und Bulgenkünste erst später aufkamen. Prospektionen zu Bergwerken und Schmelzplätzen erwiesen, daß im 12./13. Jh. das Revier Suggental/Glottertal eines der bedeutendsten des Breisgaus gewesen sein muß, was den aufwendigen Kanalbau rechtfertigte. Parallelen finden sich bei Bad Frankenhausen und im Schwarzwald, wobei die Hangkanäle außer für Wasserkünste auch zur Bewässerung dienten und häufig das optimale Gefälle von 0,3-0,5% besaßen. Die Erddämme sind bis zu 5-6 m hoch und hielten bis zu 40.000 cbm Wasser, im Falle von Fischweihern sogar bis zu 140.000 cbm Wasser. Nach Größe und Bedeutung für die Bergbaugeschichte, Herrschaftsgeschichte, Technikgeschichte und Wirtschaftsgeschichte ist der Urgraben von mindestens nationaler Bedeutung.
The study deals with a branch of Medieval hydraulic engineering and starts from Europe‘s oldest and longest hillside canal, the so-called „Oldest Ditch“ with two distribution basins and a water tunnel. According to written sources it was built in 1284 by Cunrat Rotermellin and supplied water for waterworks in a mine. It is likely that this was run by means of a bucket chain, because other devices for lifting water [so-called Heinzen and Bulgen] were not invented yet. Surveys of mines and smelting sites demonstrated that the mining region of Suggental/Glottertal was one of the most important ones of the Breisgau area in the 12th and 13th century, which justified the costly canal construction. Comparable complexes existed both near Bad Frankenhausen and in the Black Forest. Hillside canals also served irrigation purposes and frequently followed the optimum gradient of 0,3-0,5%. Their earthwork dams were up to 5-6 m high and retained up to 40,000 cubic metres of water, in the case of fish-ponds even 140,000 cubic metres. With regard to its size and importance for the history of mining, power, technique and economy, the „Oldest Ditch" is a monument of at least of national importance.
The study deals with a branch of Medieval hydraulic engineering and starts from Europe‘s oldest and longest hillside canal, the so-called „Oldest Ditch“ with two distribution basins and a water tunnel. According to written sources it was built in 1284 by Cunrat Rotermellin and supplied water for waterworks in a mine. It is likely that this was run by means of a bucket chain, because other devices for lifting water [so-called Heinzen and Bulgen] were not invented yet. Surveys of mines and smelting sites demonstrated that the mining region of Suggental/Glottertal was one of the most important ones of the Breisgau area in the 12th and 13th century, which justified the costly canal construction. Comparable complexes existed both near Bad Frankenhausen and in the Black Forest. Hillside canals also served irrigation purposes and frequently followed the optimum gradient of 0,3-0,5%. Their earthwork dams were up to 5-6 m high and retained up to 40,000 cubic metres of water, in the case of fish-ponds even 140,000 cubic metres. With regard to its size and importance for the history of mining, power, technique and economy, the „Oldest Ditch" is a monument of at least of national importance.