The Navstar Global Positioning System

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 The Science of Navigation.
• What Is Navigation?.
• A Typical Ground-Based Radionavigation System.
• The Advantages of Space-based Transmitters.
• The Transit Navigation Satellites.
• Gravity Gradient Stabilization.
• Disturbance Compensation Systems.
• Compensating for Ionospheric Delays.
• Compensating for Tropospheric Delays.
• Navigation Techniques.
• The Navstar Revolution.
• Navstar Navigation Techniques.
• The Navstar Clocks.
• Practical Benefits for All Mankind.
• 2 The Navstar GPS.
• The Space Segment.
• Signal Structure and Pseudorandom Codes.
• Navigation Solutions.
• Correcting for Relativistic Time Delays.
• Correcting for Ionospheric and Tropospheric Delays.
• Decoding the 50-Bit-Per-Second Data Stream.
• The Various Families of Navstar Satellites.
• The User Segment.
• A Typical High-Performance 5-Channel Receiver.
• Operating Procedures.
• The Control Segment.
• Inverting the Navigation Solution.
• The Monitor Stations and The Master Control Station.
• Field Test Results.
• 3 Performance Comparisons for Today’s Radionavigation Systems.
• A Sampling of Today’s Ground-based Navigation Systems.
• Loran C/D.
• Omega.
• VOR/DME Tacan.
• The Microwave Landing System.
• Inertial Navigation.
• JTIDS Relnav and PLRS.
• Signpost Navigation Techniques.
• A Sampling of Today’s Space-based Navigation Systems.
• Transit.
• The Navstar Global Positioning System.
• The French Argos.
• Side-by-side Performance Comparisons.
• 4 User-Set Architecture.
• The Major Components of a Typical Navstar Receiver.
• The Receiver Antenna and Its Associated Electronics.
• The Tracking Loops.
• Navigation Processor.
• Power Supply.
• Control-Display Unit.
• Choosing the Proper User-set Architecture.
• Performance Comparisons.
• Selecting the Antennas.
• Selecting the Proper Computer Processing Techniques.
• Solving for theUser’s Position.
• Computing and Interpreting the Geometrical Dilution of Precision.
• Ranging Error Budgets.
• Kalman Filtering Techniques.
• 5 User-set Performance.
• Accuracy Estimates for Various Methods of Navigation.
• Performance Criteria to Consider when Purchasing a Navstar Receiver.
• Receiver Design Choices.
• Number of Channels and Sequencing Rate.
• Access to Selective-availability Signals.
• Available Performance Enhancement Techniques.
• Computer Processing Capabilities.
• Receiver Design Smart Card.
• Today’s Available Navstar Receivers.
• Hand-held Receivers.
• Commercially Available Navstar Chipsets.
• 6 Differential Navigation and Pseudo-satellites.
• Performance Comparisons: Absolute and Differential Navigation.
• Special Committee 104’s Recommended Data-exchange Protocols.
• The Coast Guard’s Differential Navigation System Tests.
• Motorola’s Mini Ranger Test Results.
• COMSAT’s Data Distribution Service for the Gulf of Mexico.
• Wide-area Differential Navigation Services.
• Pseudo-satellites.
• Special Committee 104’s Data Exchange Protocols for Pseudo-satellites.
• Comparisons Between Differential Navigation and Pseudo-satellites.
• 7 Interferometry Techniques.
• The Classical Michaelson-Morley Interferometry Experiment.
• Measuring Attitude Angles with Special Navstar Receivers.
• Eliminating Solution Ambiguities.
• Practical Test Results.
• Using Interferometry to Fix Position.
• Single, Double, and Triple Differencing Techniques.
• The POPS Post-Processing Software.
• Spaceborne Interferometry Receivers.
• Motorola’s Commercially Available Monarch.
• Tomorrow’s Generic Spaceborne Receivers.
• 8 Integrated Navigation Systems.
• Integrated Navigation.
• Error Growth Rates.
• Reinitialization Techniques.
• Ring Laser Gyros.
• Monolithic Ring LaserGyros.
• Fiber Optic Gyros.
• Using the GPS for Testing Inertial Navigation Systems.
• The Practical Benefits of Integrated Navigation.
• Chassis-level Integration.
• 9 Interoperability with Other Navigation Systems.
• The Soviet Glonass.
• The Glonass Specification Release at Montreal.
• The Glonass Constellation.
• Orbital Maneuvers for the Glonass Satellites.
• Building Dual-capability GPS/Glonass Receivers.
• Receiver Design Difficulties.
• Dual-Capability Receiver Tests at Leeds University.
• The FAA’s Joint Research Efforts with Soviet Scientists.
• Other Attempts to Build Dual-capability Receivers.
• Integrity Monitoring Techniques.
• Interoperability with Other Radionavigation Systems.
• Eastport International’s Integrated System for Underwater Navigation.
• 10 The Navstar Satellites.
• The Eight Major Spacecraft Subsystems.
• The Orbit Injection Subsystem.
• Tracking, Telemetry and Command.
• Attitude and Velocity Control.
• Electrical Power.
• Navigation Subsystem.
• Reaction Control.
• Thermal Control.
• Structures and Mechanisms.
• On-orbit Test Results.
• The Multiyear Spacecraft Procurement.
• Booster Rockets.
• Orbital Perturbations.
• The Spacecraft Ephemeris Constants.
• Satellite Viewing Angles.
• Earth-shadowing Intervals.
• Repeating Ground-trace Geometry.
• 11 Precise Time Synchronization.
• John Harrison’s Marine Chronometer.
• Celestial Navigation Techniques.
• A Short History of Time.
• The Atomic Clocks Carried Aboard the Navstar Satellites.
• Cesium Atomic Clocks.
• Rubidium Atomic Clocks.
• Developing Atomic Clocks Light Enough to Travel Into Space.
• The Growing Need for Precise Time Synchronization.
• Time Sync Methodologies.
• Fixing Time with the Navstar Signals.
• Lightweight Hydrogen Masers for Tomorrow’s Navstar Satellites.
• Crosslink Ranging Techniques.
• 12 DigitalAvionics and Air Traffic Control.
• The Sabreliner’s Flight to the Paris Air Show.
• Four Major Concerns of the Federal Aviation Administration.
• Selective Availability.
• User-Set Fees.
• Integrity-related Failures.
• Continuous Five-satellite Coverage.
• Using a Dedicated Constellation for Air Traffic Control.
• An Alternative Architecture Using the GPS.
• Comparisons Between Geosynchronous and Semisynchronous Constellations.
• Piggyback Geosynchronous Payloads.
• The Autoland System Test Results.
• 13 Geodetic Surveying and Satellite Positioning.
• Determining the Shape of Planet Earth.
• The Theory of Isostasy.
• The Earth’s Contours Under Hydrostatic Equilibrium.
• GPS Calibrations at the Turtmann Test Range.
• Static Surveying Techniques.
• Kinematic and Pseudo-kinematic Surveying.
• Freeway Surveying During War in the Persian Gulf.
• Navstar Positioning for Landsat D.
• The Landsat’s Spaceborne Receiver.
• On-Orbit Navigation Accuracy.
• Orbit Determination for High-altitude Satellites.
• Today’s Available Spaceborne Receivers.
• 14 Military Applications.
• The Military Benefits of the Worldwide Common Grid.
• Projected Battlefield Benefits.
• Test Range Applications.
• Military Receivers.
• Carrier-landing Accuracies.
• Amphibious Warfare Operations.
• Accuracy-enhancements for Strategic and Cruise Missiles.
• 15 Civil Applications.
• Dinosaur Hunting with the GPS.
• Guiding Archaeological Expeditions.
• Tracking Hazardous Icebergs.
• Offshore Oil Exploration.
• Fixing the Positions of Railroad Trains.
• Automobile Navigation.
• Dead Reckoning Systems.
• Tomorrow’s Space-based Vehicle Navigation Techniques.
• Today’s Available Automotive Navigation Systems.
• Futuristic Applications for Navstar Navigation.
• Appendix A Additional Sources of lnformation.
• GPS InformationCenters.
• The U. S. Coast Guard’s Information Center.
• The Computer Bulletin Board at Holloman Air Force Base.
• Global Satellite Software’s Computer Bulletin Board.
• The Glonass Computer Bulletin Board.
• Precise GPS Orbit Information.
• Military GPS Information Directory.
• GPS Information with a European Flavor.
• The United Kingdom.
• The Netherlands.
• Norway.
• GPS Clock Behavior.
• Information for Surveyors.
• GPS World Magazine.
• The Federal Radionavigation Plan.
• Appendix B Today’s Global Family of User-set Makers.
• Domestic User-set Makers.
• Foreign User-set Makers.
• Appendix C Navigation-Related Clubs and Organizations.
• Appendix D Navigation-related Magazines and Periodicals.