Applied Metallography

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1. Phase Identification by Selective Etching.
• Phase Identification Methods.
• Analytical Methods.
• Chemical Etchants.
• Tint Etchants.
• Electrolytic Etching.
• Anodizing.
• Heat Tinting.
• Summary.
• 2. Potentiostatic Etching.
• Electrochemical Background.
• Etching As a Corrosion Process.
• Relationship of Half-Cell Polarization to Corrosion and Etching.
• Potentiostatic Polarization.
• Interpretation of Polarization Curves for Application to Etching.
• Principles of Potentiostatic Etching.
• Comments on Empirical Procedure.
• Survey of Etchants Used for Potentiostatic Etching.
• Examples of Potentiostatically Etched Microstructures.
• 3. Applications of the Interference Layer Method.
• Objectives of Metallography.
• Optical Characteristics of Metallic and Nonmetallic Phases.
• Basics of the Interference Layer Method (Contrast Enhancement).
• Preparation of Specimens (Grinding and Polishing).
• Application of Interference Layers.
• Characteristics of Layer Materials and Layers.
• Applications of the Interference Layer Method.
• Applications Involving Steels.
• Applications Involving Nonmetallic Inclusions (Sulfides).
• Applications Involving Aluminum Alloys.
• 4. Magnetic Etching.
• Results.
• Conclusions.
• 5. The Gas-Contrasting Method.
• The Gas-Contrasting Apparatus.
• The Principle of Gas Contrasting.
• Gas-Contrasted Microstructures.
• The Interpretation of the Gas-Contrasting Effect.
• 6. Techniques for Stainless Steel Microscopy.
• Historical Background.
• The Nature of Stainless Steels.
• Types of Stainless Steels.
• General Characteristics of Metallographic Preparation.
• Sensitization.
• Stress-Corrosion Cracking.
• Sigma Phase, Ferrite and Carbides in Austenitic Stainless Steel.
• Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy.
• 7. Problem Using Quantitative Stereology.
• Making Measurements.
• What Is Measured.
• What the Measurements Mean.
• Instrumentation for Image Analysis.
• Planning an Experiment.
• Examples.
• 8. Quantitative Fractography.
• Background.
• Experimental Techniques.
• Analytical Procedures.
• Applications.
• 9. Methods and Applications of Microindentation Hardness Testing.
• Hardness, Microhardness, and Microindentation Hardness.
• Selecting a Microindentation Hardness Test Method.
• Interconversion of Microindentation Hardness Scales.
• Selecting a Microindentation Hardness Tester.
• Specimen Preparation and Fixing.
• 10. The SEM As a Metallographic Tool.
• SEM Image Contrast Formation.
• Resolution.
• Microscope Variables.
• Specimen Preparation.
• SEM Quantitative Metallography.
• 11. Metallography in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope.
• The STEM Instrument.
• Spatial Resolution in the STEM.
• Imaging in the STEM.
• Microdiffraction.
• X-Ray Microanalysis.
• Electron Energy-Loss Spectrometry (EELS).
• Specimen Thickness.
• 12. Metallography and Welding Process Control.
• Characteristic Features of Welds.
• Solidification Microstructure.
• Solid-State Transformation in Weld Metal.
• Heat-Affected Zone.
• Partly Molten Zone.
• Welding of Dissimilar Metals.
• 13. Microscopy and the Development of Free-Machining Steels.
• Specimen Preparation Methods.
• Macro Evidence of Microstructure.
• Qualitative Metallography.
• Quantitative Metallography.
• Electrolytic Inclusion Extraction (EIE).
• Sterological Methods.
• Metallographic Techniques Applied to the Metal Cutting Process.
• Conclusion.
• 14. Microscopy and Titanium Alloy Development.
• Metallographic Techniques.
• Microstructure Development.
• Alpha and Near-Alpha Phase Alloys.
• Alpha+Beta Alloys.
• Beta Alloys.
• 15. Use of Microscopy in Failure Analysis.
• Failure Mechanisms.
• Failure Analysis Methodology.
• 16. Microscopy and the Study of Wear.
• Wear Modes.
• Microscopy.
• Preparation of Specimens.
• Interpretation.
• Metallography.
• Stero-Pair Analysis.
• Transmission Electron Microscopy.
• Wear Debris.
• 17. Microscopy and the Study of Corrosion.
• Forms and Mechanisms of Corrosion.
• Investigative Methods in Corrosion Science and Engineering Practice.
• Applied Microscopy—Case Studies.
• Pitting Corrosion—Laboratory Studies.
• Pitting Corrosion—Field Studies.
• Corrosion-Erosion.
• Stress Corrosion, Embrittlement, and Fracture.